In 1918 an influenza pandemic began that lasted into 1920. In March Russia made a separate peace at Brest-Litovsk, giving up Ukraine, Poland, Belarus and the Baltic lands, and in July Bolsheviks killed Nicholas II and his family at Yekaterinburg. Germany's spring offensive went deep but did not save it from defeat, and on 8 August the Allies opened the Hundred Days Offensive at Amiens with one of the deepest advances of the war. In September British and Indian troops broke the Ottoman line at Megiddo in Palestine, and on 30 October the Ottomans signed an armistice at Mudros. Revolution spread across Germany from the Kiel sailors' mutiny to a republic declared in Berlin, and at 11:00 on 11 November the Armistice ended the fighting on the Western Front. Far from Europe, Armenians halted an Ottoman invasion at Sardarabad, rice riots spread across Japan, and the German force in East Africa surrendered on 25 November.
This page lists all 496 events in our records for 1918: 387 dated to the day, 132 from outside Europe and North America. The biggest come first, then every event month by month, grouped by region.
How sure we are: events with no label are high confidence. Medium confidence means the event rests on one source family or a detail is uncertain; Low confidence means the sources disagree or are thin, and the notes say where. Dates are in the Gregorian calendar; where a country still used another calendar, the notes give the original. How events are checked
The biggest stories of 1918
Ranked by how widely known each event is today, one card per happening, at least a third from outside Europe and North America.
Medicine & epidemicsWidely known
The 1918-1920 flu pandemic begins
· Worldwide
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
A global influenza pandemic caused by an H1N1 virus began in 1918 and lasted into 1920. The earliest probable cases were documented in Haskell County, Kansas, though its true origin is uncertain.
Why it is interesting. Called the Spanish flu, a misleading name that arose because newspapers in neutral Spain reported the outbreak freely while wartime censors elsewhere held back bad news.
Notes and dating details
Dates differ within the article: infobox gives February 1918 to April 1920 and an index case in January 1918; lead gives earliest probable cases in March 1918. Wikidata gives January 1918. Stored as year. Geographic origin described as indeterminate. Source family: wikimedia.
Russia and the Central Powers sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
· Brest-Litovsk, Belarus · Europe
At Brest-Litovsk, Russia made a separate peace with the four Central Powers and withdrew from the First World War. It cost Russia control of Ukraine, Poland, Belarus, the Baltic lands and parts of the Caucasus.
Why it is interesting. Russia gave up a large share of its former territory, population and industry to leave the war.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata also gives 1918-01-01 as a publication date. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 later cancelled it.
Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points to Congress
· United States · North America
In a speech to the United States Congress on 8 January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson set out principles for peace talks to end World War I. His main Allied colleagues doubted the plan could be applied.
Why it is interesting. The speech turned domestic progressive ideas into foreign policy and answered Lenin's Decree on Peace.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
Date uncertainty: Often given as the night of 16-17 July 1918
Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra and their five children were shot and stabbed to death by Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky. Their physician and three servants were killed too, and the bodies were buried in the Koptyaki forest.
Why it is interesting. The Soviet leadership kept up a web of disinformation about the family for eight years.
Notes and dating details
Stored as 17 July 1918. The English article's infobox gives 16-17 July and its lead the night of 16 to 17 July; its body has the family at dinner on 16 July and woken around midnight, with the shooting after that, and Russian Wikipedia says the truck arrived at the Ipatiev House at 1:30 am on the night of 16 to 17 July, after which the family were woken. So the killings took place in the early hours of 17 July, the evening before being 16 July. Russia had moved to the Gregorian calendar in February 1918, so no conversion applies. The id still says 16 because the 1918 and Asia page leads point at it; the stored date of 17 July is the one shown.
Agreed in a railway carriage in the Compiègne Forest, the Armistice took effect at 11:00 in the morning, Paris time, on 11 November 1918. Germany had first asked President Wilson for terms based on his Fourteen Points.
Why it is interesting. Troops kept fighting right up to the deadline, and the last day of the war alone cost 2,738 lives.
Notes and dating details
Signed about 5:00 a.m. and in force 11:00 a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
On 8 August 1918 Allied forces, with Australian and Canadian corps supplying nine of the British Fourth Army's 19 divisions, advanced further than in almost any other attack of the war. Large numbers of Germans surrendered.
Why it is interesting. Erich Ludendorff later called the first day of the battle the black day of the German Army.
Notes and dating details
Alternative name: Third Battle of Picardy. English Wikipedia's infobox and Wikidata end the battle on 12 August; French Wikipedia runs it from 8 to 11 August. The start of 8 August agrees everywhere.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
On 15 July 1918 Germany launched its final big attack on the Western Front. It failed when French forces, supported by several hundred Renault FT tanks, counterattacked the German right flank.
Why it is interesting. The German defeat set off an Allied advance that led to an armistice roughly 100 days on.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives a start of 1918-05-27 and an end of 1918-08-06; the article's lead and infobox give 15-18 July 1918, which is used.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
Beginning with the Kiel sailors' mutiny, workers' and soldiers' councils took over from the old authorities at little cost in lives. The upheaval reached Berlin on 9 November, where a republic was declared, and Wilhelm II escaped to Holland a day later.
Why it is interesting. The empire fell almost without bloodshed within days of the Kiel sailors' mutiny.
Notes and dating details
The lead gives 29 October 1918 as the start; the body dates the first refusals at Wilhelmshaven to the night of 29-30 October and the Kiel confrontation to 3 November. Wikidata gives 1918-11-04 and a start of 1918-10-24. The end date 11 August 1919 is the Weimar Constitution, the usual end date in the lead.
Ottoman Empire and the Allies sign the Armistice of Mudros
· Moudros, Lemnos, Greece · Europe
Rauf Orbay and British Admiral Gough-Calthorpe signed aboard a ship in Moudros harbour on Lemnos on 30 October 1918. The Ottomans gave up garrisons outside Anatolia, demobilised their army and opened ports and railways to the Allies.
Why it is interesting. The Ottoman marine minister signed the end of the war for his empire aboard a ship in a Greek island harbour.
Notes and dating details
Signed on the evening of 30 October 1918 and in force from noon on 31 October (English article infobox and lead). No calendar conversion is needed: the armistice was signed on a British warship, Western sources give it in the Gregorian calendar, and the Ottoman Rumi calendar had itself been realigned to Gregorian day-and-month dates on 1 March 1917 (Rumi calendar article). Turkish Wikipedia also gives 30 Ekim (October) 1918, and the article says talks opened on Sunday 27 October, which was a Sunday in the Gregorian calendar. Earlier note suggesting a possible Old Style date of 12 November 1918 was wrong and has been removed.
Germany began a series of attacks along the Western Front, hoping to beat the Allies before American forces arrived in full. Operation Michael was the main attack. The offensives ran until 18 July 1918.
Why it is interesting. Despite deep advances, the offensive failed to save Germany from defeat.
Notes and dating details
Infobox location also includes West Flanders, Belgium.
Medium confidence: rests on one source family, or a detail is uncertain.
French troops entered the Ottoman capital on 12 November 1918 and British troops followed a day later, under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros. An Allied military administration was set up in early December.
Why it is interesting. The city had not been in other hands since Constantinople fell in 1453.
Notes and dating details
Wikidata gives 1918-11-13, the day the British arrived; the English article gives 12 November 1918 for the first French troops and 4 October 1923 for the last Allied departure, while French Wikipedia dates the start to 13 November and the end to 6 October 1923. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire).
· Plain of Sharon, Ottoman Palestine · Middle East
British and Indian infantry broke through Ottoman lines near the coast, and the Desert Mounted Corps rode through the gap, almost surrounding two Ottoman armies in the Judean Hills. Arab Revolt forces had first struck at Ottoman lines of communication.
Why it is interesting. Allenby won decisive results at comparatively little cost, using barrages, cavalry, armoured cars and aircraft.
Notes and dating details
Battle ran 19-25 September 1918 per article; Wikidata start and end agree. The dates follow the Western reckoning; Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, so no conversion applies. Infobox location is Vilayet of Beirut; the lead names the Plain of Sharon and other sites.
A political strike against World War I began in Berlin and spread through the German Empire. Driven by food shortages and war weariness, it ended after the military arrested or conscripted its leaders.
Notes
Lead gives a run of 25 January to 1 February 1918 yet also says it began in Berlin on 28 January; Wikidata gives 1918-01-28 as start. Stored as month because the start day is inconsistent. Source family: wikimedia.
The self-declared Crimean People's Republic, set up after the 1917 Russian Revolution, ended in January 1918 when Bolshevik forces took control of all of Crimea and shut down its representative bodies.
Notes
Lead says the state existed from December 1917 to January 1918, and the text says the Bolsheviks took Simferopol on 14 January 1918 and held all of Crimea by the end of January. The infobox instead lists the Crimean Offensive, 13-25 April (year_end 1918), as the end event, with the Soviet takeover in January 1918; January stored, following lead and text. Calendar not stated in source (Russia, before 14 Feb 1918). Source family: wikimedia.
Bolshevik forces advance on the Don Cossacks and Volunteers in the Donbas-Don operation
War & conflictMedium confidence
Forces of the Southern Revolutionary Front under Antonov-Ovseenko fought the Cossacks of Alexey Kaledin and Volunteer detachments in the Donbas and the Don region, from January to February 1918.
Notes
Lead says January to February 1918; Wikidata gives February 1918. Body dates the Soviet plan to 8 January 1918. Calendar not stated in source.
German biblical scholar and orientalist Julius Wellhausen died in Göttingen. His research moved from the Old Testament to Islamic studies and then New Testament scholarship.
Russian Constituent Assembly meets for one night and is dissolved
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The Constituent Assembly met in a single session lasting 13 hours. The Bolshevik-led central executive committee then dissolved it and named the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets as Russia's new governing body.
Notes
Stored as Gregorian (New Style); the Old Style dates 5-6 January 1918 are also given. The single sitting began at 4 in the afternoon and ran until 5 the next morning, after which the assembly was dissolved.
Romanian and allied troops crossed into Bessarabia and fought Bolshevik-controlled forces and pro-Bolshevik factions between 19 January and 8 March 1918. Romania occupied central and southern Bessarabia.
Notes
Article gives 19 January - 8 March 1918 (O.S. 5 January - 23 February); 5 January O.S. would be 18 January N.S., one day off the stated start. Wikidata gives 1918-03-09 with an end of 1918-03-01.
On 25 January 1918, during the Finnish Civil War, the government declared the Civil Guards to be its troops. The next day Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was named their Commander-in-Chief.
Notes
Infobox founded: 25 January 1918, matching the history text. Mannerheim's appointment was on 26 January. Source family: wikimedia.
Bolshevik-led uprising in Odessa against the Ukrainian government
War & conflictMedium confidence
Workers and sailors rose in Odessa against the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, backed by approaching Red Guards from Soviet Russia. The fighting ended in a Bolshevik victory.
Notes
Infobox gives 27-30 January 1918; Wikidata matches. Ukrainian Wikipedia puts the Odessa fighting at 26-31 January 1918 in the same reckoning in which it dates the Fourth Universal to 22 January (New Style), so these dates appear to be Gregorian. The body has the Central Council's ultimatum on 27 January and Haidamakas retaking buildings on 28 January.
Soviet Russia's government resolved to raise the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, intended to fight the new state's opponents in the Russian Civil War.
Notes
The English article gives 28 January 1918 for the decision to form the army, with a footnote that this is 15 January 1918 Old Style, so 28 January is already the Gregorian date; Russian Wikipedia likewise dates the decree 15 (28) January 1918. Wikidata also lists 28 January and 23 February; 23 February is the day Russia marks as the army's founding, when mass volunteer enlistment began.
Canadian physician and soldier John McCrae died of pneumonia in Wimereux, France, while commanding a Canadian hospital at Boulogne. He is best known for the poem "In Flanders Fields".
Notes
Infobox gives death place as Boulogne-sur-Mer; the article text says he died at the British General Hospital in Wimereux while commanding No. 3 Canadian General Hospital at Boulogne. Wimereux used.
Bolshevik-organised workers' uprising begins at the Kiev Arsenal
War & conflict
Workers at the Arsenal Factory in Kiev rose in a Bolshevik-organised revolt to disrupt elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly and support the advancing Red Army. Forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic put it down.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 29 January (O.S. 16 January) to 4 February (O.S. 22 January) 1918; stored dates are Gregorian. Wikidata also gives 29 January 1918.
Ukrainian cadets and soldiers fight Bolshevik forces at Kruty
War & conflictLow confidence
A small force of military cadets and Ukrainian People's Army troops fought a much larger Bolshevik force near Kruty railway station, delaying the advance on Kiev at heavy cost.
Notes
Lead and infobox say 29 or 30 January 1918; the body dates the Kruty withdrawal to 30 January and says Soviet historiography wrongly gave 29 January. Calendar not stated in source. Wikidata gives 30 January with a Julian flag. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 12 February 1918.
Royal Navy ships collide in the Battle of May Island
Disasters
On a misty night in the Firth of Forth, five collisions among eight Royal Navy vessels on their way to exercises sank two K-class submarines and damaged four more and a scout cruiser. 105 sailors died.
Notes
Lead gives the night of 31 January-1 February 1918; Wikidata matches.
Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points to Congress
Politics & diplomacy
In a speech to the United States Congress on 8 January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson set out principles for peace talks to end World War I. His main Allied colleagues doubted the plan could be applied.
Tarzan of the Apes, a silent American film directed by Scott Sidney, opened on Broadway in New York. It stars Elmo Lincoln, Enid Markey and Gordon Griffith, and adapts the first part of Edgar Rice Burroughs' 1912 novel.
Notes
Date from the infobox 'released' field: 27 January 1918, Broadway, New York.
Texas Rangers and ranchers kill 15 unarmed men and boys at Porvenir
War & conflict
Texas Rangers and local ranchers, supported by US cavalry, killed 15 unarmed Mexican American men and boys near Porvenir, Texas. The Rangers had come to the area after the Brite Ranch raid.
Japan's intervention in Siberia begins at Vladivostok
War & conflictLow confidence
Japan sent forces to the Russian Far East in 1918 as part of a wider Allied effort against the Bolsheviks. The warship Iwami reached Vladivostok on 12 January 1918, two days before HMS Suffolk.
Notes
Infobox gives 12 January 1918 to 24 June 1922. Wikidata gives 1918-01-01. Calendar not stated in source (Russia, before 14 Feb 1918). Source family: wikimedia. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 25 January 1918.
On 19 January 1918 the Baku City Council started issuing what was called Baku money, an early issue of the rouble currency used in several state entities in Azerbaijan from 1918 to 1923.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; Baku was in Russian territory before 14 February 1918, so if Old Style the Gregorian date would be 1 February 1918. Wikidata gives 1918 (year) and the description says 1919 to 1923.
Russian soldiers are massacred at Shamkhor, Azerbaijan
War & conflict
Azerbaijani armed groups stopped a train of Russian soldiers returning from the Caucasus Front and demanded its weapons. After the soldiers refused, the train was stormed and hundreds died.
Notes
Source dates it 22-25 January 1918 (9-12 January Old Style); Gregorian dates stored. Infobox casualty estimates run from several hundred to over 1,000. Source family: wikimedia.
An Ottoman squadron attacked a British flotilla at Imbros, an Aegean island, destroying the monitors there. On the way back the cruiser Midilli was sunk in a minefield and the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim badly damaged.
Notes
Ottoman Empire, so the calendar was checked: the article's 20 January 1918 is taken as Gregorian (Rumi equivalent not stated). Wikidata also gives 20 January 1918.
Swedish and then German forces moved into the Aland Islands in 1918, where Soviet Russian troops were stationed. Russian troops were captured, the Swedes left in May, and the Germans stayed until September.
Notes
Infobox gives 15 February - September 1918, but the lead says Sweden invaded in late February and Germany in early March, so month precision is used. Soviet Russian forces were involved before 14 February 1918 was passed; Old Style question not settled by source. Wikidata gives 15 February to 1 September 1918.
Baltic Fleet ships move to Kronstadt in the Ice Cruise
War & conflictMedium confidence
Ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet were moved from Tallinn (then Reval) and Helsinki to Kronstadt. The operation ran from February to April 1918, and it began with an order from Lenin on 17 February.
Notes
Wikidata gives March 1918 (start 1918-02, end 1918-05); the infobox gives February-April 1918. Calendar not stated in source; the 17 February order falls after the Russian switch to the Gregorian calendar.
The Soviet government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic cancelled all bonds and debts that the Tsarist government and the Provisional Government had run up. Payments on foreign debt had already stopped at the start of 1918.
Notes
The English article gives 8 February 1918 without naming a calendar. Russian Wikipedia dates the decree annulling state loans to 21 January 1918 Old Style, which is 3 February Gregorian. Both readings fall in February 1918, so the month is stored. No city is named; region Europe chosen by judgment, whereas the candidate proposed Asia.
Sailors mutiny at Cattaro in the Austro-Hungarian Navy
War & conflict
Crews of Austro-Hungarian warships anchored at Cattaro (now Kotor, Montenegro) rebelled on 1 February 1918, beginning aboard the flagship Sankt Georg. Loyal troops arrived and the revolt was given up after three days.
Red Guard units from Petrograd and Moscow attacked Kyiv, capital of the Ukrainian People's Republic, from 5 to 8 February 1918, and the Bolsheviks held the city from 9 February. The Ukrainian government withdrew to Zhytomyr.
Notes
Source dates the assault 5 to 8 February 1918 New Style, which it equates to 23 to 26 January Old Style; stored as the Gregorian dates. Wikidata gives the year 1918 with an end date of 8 February. Bolshevik occupation of the city followed on 9 February. Source spells the city Kiev.
The Representation of the People Act 1918 becomes law
Politics & diplomacy
The UK Parliament passed the act on 6 February 1918, widening the vote to men over 21 and to women over 30 who met certain property conditions. It also tied voting rights to where a person lived.
Notes
Infobox royal assent and commencement 6 February 1918; the final Commons vote that led to assent is also given as 6 February 1918. Wikidata also lists a publication date of 1 January 1918, which the excerpt does not support. Source family: wikimedia.
Tbilisi State University was established in Tbilisi in February 1918, led by the Georgian historian Ivane Javakhishvili and a group of fellow scholars. Chemist Petre Melikishvili became its first rector.
Notes
The article's lead gives 8 February 1918 as the date of establishment, while its history section says the opening happened on 26 January 1918, a day of remembrance for King David the Builder. Calendar not stated in source; Georgia was then part of the former Russian Empire, so one of the two dates may be Old Style. Stored the lead date. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 21 February 1918.
Ukraine and the Central Powers sign a separate peace at Brest-Litovsk
Politics & diplomacy
At Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918 the Central Powers signed a peace treaty with the Ukrainian People's Republic. It took Ukraine out of the First World War, and the Central Powers recognised Ukraine as sovereign.
Notes
The photo caption in the article puts the signing across the night of 9 to 10 February 1918. Central Powers include the Ottoman Empire, hence calendar check.
Three Italian motor torpedo boats left their base on 10 February 1918 for a raid on Bakar, then part of Austria-Hungary. The raid did little material damage.
Notes
Infobox gives 10-11 February 1918; the boats set out on 10 February.
Alexey Kaledin died at Novocherkassk. He was a cavalry general of the Don Cossacks, led the Russian Eighth Army in the First World War, and headed the Don Cossack White cause early in the Civil War.
Notes
Russian Wikipedia gives his death as 11 February 1918 with 29 January as the Old Style form, so 11 February is the Gregorian date.
A 1918 decree of the Council of People's Commissars created the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet, which became the Soviet Navy and drew on what was left of the Imperial Russian Navy.
Notes
Infobox start date 11 February 1918. Russian Wikipedia dates the founding decree to 29 January 1918, which is the Old Style form of the same day (13 days behind), so 11 February is the Gregorian date. The English text itself gives only the year of the decree.
Polish Legionnaires, mostly the 2nd and 3rd Regiments under Jozef Haller de Hallenburg, tried to break through Austrian lines near Rarancza in Bukovina on 15 and 16 February 1918. The battle ended in a Polish victory.
Council of Lithuania signs the Act of Independence
Politics & diplomacy
The Council of Lithuania signed the Act of Independence on 16 February 1918, declaring Lithuania separate from Russia and re-creating an independent state, governed on democratic principles, with Vilnius as capital. All twenty council members signed.
The Central Powers launched an offensive against Russian forces, also called the Eleven Days' War. Little resistance was possible amid revolution and civil war, and large areas of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine were taken.
Notes
Infobox location lists Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltics and the Archipelago Sea, so no single place is given.
Anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army troops pulled out of Rostov in February 1918 and headed south toward the Kuban, hoping to win over its Cossacks while Red forces pressed from the north. The retreat lasted into May.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-04-30, which is the Old Style form of the infobox end date, 13 May. The infobox gives 22 February - 13 May 1918 and the lead February to May 1918; Russian Wikipedia gives 22 February (9 February Old Style) to 13 May (30 April Old Style), so these are Gregorian dates.
Estonia's Declaration of Independence is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The Estonian Salvation Committee issued a manifesto founding the independent Republic of Estonia. It was first read aloud in Pärnu on the evening of 23 February and printed in Tallinn the next day.
Notes
Wikidata gives 23 February, the date of the first public reading in Pärnu; the text dates the establishment of the republic to 24 February. Original proclamation was planned for 21 February.
A magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Guangdong Province, China, on 13 February 1918 and was accompanied by a tsunami. Deaths totalled 2,000, and British Hong Kong also suffered some damage.
Notes
NOAA UTC date 1918-02-13 06:07; local time 14:07 CST per the article, so the same local date. Magnitude 7.3 is NOAA's Ms; the article gives 7.2. Death figure is NOAA's deathsTotal of 2000, which includes the tsunami; the article's infobox gives 1,000 in Shantou. The event is also called the 1918 Shantou earthquake.
Soviet forces shelled and invaded Kokand, the defence quickly fell apart, and a delegation from the city surrendered, ending the Turkestan Autonomy, a short-lived Central Asian government proclaimed in late November 1917 (Old Style).
Notes
The end date of 22 February 1918 is the same in the English and Russian articles; the sources do not state its calendar, and it falls after Russia's switch to the Gregorian calendar on 14 February 1918. The founding is given as 27 November 1917 in the English article and 28 November in Russian Wikipedia and Wikidata. Sources do not label the calendar; as Russia used the Julian calendar until 14 February 1918, these late-November dates are probably Old Style, which would be about 10 December 1917 in the Gregorian calendar.
At about 3 pm during a race meeting at the Happy Valley Racecourse in British Hong Kong, a temporary grandstand collapsed and food stalls and bamboo matting caught fire. Hundreds of spectators died, with counts ranging from 576 to 670.
Notes
Death toll is disputed. The event article gives 670 in its infobox and says the Secretary for Chinese Affairs' annual report finally confirmed that figure, while 614 bodies were officially recovered and the Hongkong Telegraph reported 576 confirmed deaths the next day. The English article on the racecourse itself says at least 590, and French Wikipedia gives 614. The 15:00 local time is from the event article's infobox. Source family: wikimedia.
After capturing Jericho, Egyptian Expeditionary Force troops began occupying the Jordan Valley in February 1918. General Allenby extended his line to the Dead Sea to guard his right flank, despite the harsh climate. Ottoman guns shelled the British from the Moab hills.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source. Wikidata gives September 1918 as the main date, with February 1918 as the start.
In February 1918 Assyrian volunteers under Agha Petros and Malik Khoshaba fought a series of clashes in Urmia against the city's mayor, Irshad Homayun, and his supporters. The trouble followed the Russian withdrawal from Persia.
Notes
Wikidata gives 9-10 February 1918, but the article supports only February 1918, so month precision is used. Persia is a calendar-check country.
A British Empire force attacked Ottoman positions east of Jerusalem and drove them back to Jericho and across the Jordan River. Light horse and mounted rifle brigades took Jericho itself.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved: Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, and the English article gives the dates of the British-led operation, so no conversion applies. Wikidata also lists start 19 February and end 21 February.
The last Russian soldiers left Tabriz, ending a military occupation that began in 1909, apart from a short break in January 1915. The Russian Revolution had left the troops in disorder.
Notes
Persia involved; calendar not stated in source. Occupation began 30 April 1909.
A short-lived autonomy claiming to unite Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvash was declared on 1 March 1918 by one account, while another says Bolshevik arrests stopped the planned declaration. The Red Army defeated the republic on 28 March 1918.
Notes
Contested: the lead says proclaimed 1 March 1918, but a body sentence says the planned declaration on 1 March never came to fruition after Bolshevik arrests, and the infobox gives a proclamation on 29 November (1917). Wikidata gives 1918-03-01 and a defeat date of 1918-03-28. Calendar not stated in source.
Russia and the Central Powers sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Politics & diplomacy
At Brest-Litovsk, Russia made a separate peace with the four Central Powers and withdrew from the First World War. It cost Russia control of Ukraine, Poland, Belarus, the Baltic lands and parts of the Caucasus.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1918-01-01 as a publication date. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 later cancelled it.
A series of multi-national military expeditions began on Russian territory in 1918, with landings at Arkhangelsk and Vladivostok. Early aims were to keep supply depots out of German hands and to rescue trapped Allied forces.
Notes
Infobox gives 4 March 1918 - 15 May 1925. Wikidata gives 1918-01-01 as start. Interventions took place in several regions (Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok, Baltic, Caucasus, south Russia); region set to Europe for convenience.
Bolsheviks hold their 7th Congress and add 'Communist' to the party name
Politics & diplomacy
An extraordinary party congress met in Petrograd's Taurida Palace from 6 to 8 March 1918 to consider the peace treaty with Germany. The Bolsheviks also renamed their party to include the word Communist.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; dates fall after the Russian switch to the Gregorian calendar.
Czechoslovak Legion and Soviet forces fought German troops over the Ukrainian city of Bakhmach from 8 to 13 March 1918. The Legion won, and the Germans then sought a truce.
Drozdovsky's detachment sets out on the Iasi-Don March
War & conflict
A detachment of Russian volunteers under Staff Colonel Mikhail Drozdovsky marched from Iasi in Romania to the Don to join the White Volunteer Army. The march began on 11 March 1918 (New Style) and ended on 7 May.
Notes
Source: February 26 O.S. = 11 March; April 24 O.S. = 7 May. Detachment arrived in Novocherkassk on 7 May.
Whites and Reds fought for the city of Tampere in the Finnish Civil War from 15 March to 6 April 1918. In the aftermath the Whites executed hundreds of captured Reds and sent another 11,000 prisoners to the Kalevankangas camp.
Notes
Wikidata gives start 1918-03-08; the infobox and lead give 15 March - 6 April 1918.
Germany began a series of attacks along the Western Front, hoping to beat the Allies before American forces arrived in full. Operation Michael was the main attack. The offensives ran until 18 July 1918.
Notes
Infobox location also includes West Flanders, Belgium.
Germany launches Operation Michael on the Western Front
War & conflict
Germany opened the first of its spring offensives, striking the British lines from the Hindenburg Line near Saint-Quentin. The aim was to break through and reach the Channel Ports. The attack ran until 5 April 1918 and failed to reach its objectives.
Under German occupation, the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic proclaimed Belarus an independent state in its Third Constituent Charter. Its government never controlled all of Belarus and later continued in exile.
Notes
Article also gives 9 March 1918 for the Second Constituent Charter and the infobox gives 6 March as the start.
Canadian cavalry drove the German 23rd Saxon Division out of Moreuil Wood, which overlooks the Avre. The Germans retook the wood by the end of the battle, but the delay helped halt their spring offensive.
Notes
Wikidata's proposed place (Arve, Switzerland) does not match the infobox, which gives Moreuil, France, on the Avre.
· South Pasadena, California, U.S. · North America
Lucretia Garfield dies
LivesMedium confidence
Lucretia Garfield, widow of President James A. Garfield, died in South Pasadena at her winter home, with pneumonia given as the cause. She was buried beside her husband in Lake View Cemetery.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-03-14 and German Wikipedia also gives 14 March; the English article's infobox, lead and death section all give 13 March 1918, which is used.
American historian Henry Adams died in Washington, D.C. He wrote a nine-volume history of the United States and the memoir The Education of Henry Adams.
· Manhattan, New York, United States · North America
Martin Sheridan dies
Lives
Martin Sheridan, an Irish-American discus thrower, died at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan from the Spanish flu pandemic, the day before his 37th birthday.
Russian Bolsheviks and the Young Bukharans attempted to take control of the Emirate of Bukhara by force. The attempt failed and ended with a peace treaty signed on 25 March at Kizyl-Tepe station.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; treaty date given as 25 March 1918.
Kōnosuke Matsushita founds the company that became Panasonic
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Kōnosuke Matsushita started the business that grew into Panasonic, at first as a seller of duplex lamp sockets. Its early goods, sold under the National brand, included radios, electric irons and bicycle lamps.
Notes
Wikidata gives 13 March 1918; the company infobox gives 7 March 1918. Company was then called Matsushita Electric.
A conflict began in the South Caucasus over mixed-population lands claimed by both the newly formed Azerbaijani state and Armenia. It ended with the Soviet 11th Army occupying both countries.
Notes
Start date follows the infobox (30 March 1918 to 28 November 1920). The lead places the start late in World War I, and the text dates the Evelina disarming incident to 30 March 1918.
Inter-ethnic clashes and a power struggle took place in Baku and nearby areas between Bolsheviks backed by Armenian Dashnaks and the Azerbaijani Musavat Party. Atrocities were committed by both sides, and the Baku Commune was set up in April.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-04-02, the last day of the 30 March - 2 April events. Candidate category everyday_life changed to war_conflict.
British forces attacked Ottoman lines from the Mediterranean coast to the edge of the Jordan Valley between 8 and 12 March 1918. The attack pushed the British front line northwards.
Notes
Fought on Ottoman-held ground. Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, and the English article gives the Western dates, so no conversion applies.
Under Agha Petros and Malik Khoshaba, Assyrian volunteers fought Shekak tribesmen under Simko Shikak at Charah fortress in Persia from 12 to 17 March 1918. It was revenge for the killing of the Assyrian patriarch Mar Shimun.
Notes
Persia: the article gives the dates in Western form, matching Wikidata's 12 and 17 March, so no conversion is applied.
Trebizond Peace Conference opens between the Ottomans and Transcaucasia
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Delegates of the Ottoman Empire met a delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet and government in Trebizond. Rear-Admiral Hüseyin Rauf Bey represented the Ottomans; Akaki Chkhenkeli, Khalil bey Khasmammadov and Alexander Khatisian were among the Transcaucasian delegates. Talks ran until 13 April 1918.
Notes
Wikidata gives 12 March 1918 as the start; the article gives the opening session as 14 March. Ottoman calendar not stated in source.
· Jordan Valley and Amman, Ottoman Empire · Middle East
British Empire forces launch the First Transjordan attack on Amman
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force crossed the Jordan River, briefly occupied Es Salt and attacked Amman, but a strong Ottoman garrison and reinforcements forced it back to the Jordan Valley. The Ottomans and Germans held the field.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-04-02, the end date. The First Battle of Amman (27-31 March) was one phase of this operation. Source dates are Gregorian.
British-Indian forces win the action of Khan Baghdadi
War & conflict
On 26 and 27 March 1918, the 15th Indian Division fought Ottoman forces at Khan al Baghdadi in Iraq during the Mesopotamian campaign. The result was a British-Indian victory.
Notes
Infobox date 26-27 March 1918, matching Wikidata. Ottoman territory: Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, and the English article gives the Western date, so no conversion applies. Source family: wikimedia.
British Empire infantry and mounted troops attacked the Ottoman garrison at Amman during the first Transjordan attack. The reinforced defenders and Ottoman counter-attacks drove them back to the bridgeheads they held on the Jordan River; the fighting lasted until 31 March.
Notes
Infobox gives 27-31 March 1918. Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, so no conversion applies.
· Tbilisi, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic · Europe
Niko Pirosmani dies
LivesMedium confidence
Georgian painter Niko Pirosmani died in Tbilisi, a victim of the flu pandemic with malnutrition and liver failure. He lived poor and gained wide recognition only after death.
Notes
Infobox gives 9 April 1918 but the text says only April; Wikidata gives 7 April and also holds 9 April and 5 May, so month precision is stored. Calendar not stated in source.
In April 1918 the British government moved to extend conscription to Ireland because the army was short of troops. Unions, nationalist parties and Catholic clergy opposed it; the law passed but was never applied.
Notes
One-day general strike in protest on 23 April 1918; the government dropped its conscription plans by 20 June 1918.
Prokofiev's Classical Symphony is first performed in Petrograd
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Sergei Prokofiev conducted the premiere of his Symphony No. 1 in D major, nicknamed the 'Classical', in Petrograd. He meant it as a modern take on the classical style of Haydn and Mozart and began it in 1916.
Notes
The English article gives 18 April 1918, which it explains as the new-calendar form of Prokofiev's diary date of 5 April. Russian and French Wikipedia and Wikidata give 21 April 1918. The day is disputed, so the month is stored.
Germany issued paper money called the ostmark on 4 April 1918 for use in part of its eastern occupied lands, through the Darlehnskasse Ost in Kaunas. It circulated alongside the Imperial rouble.
Notes
Infobox introduction date 4 April 1918; the lead agrees. Wikidata gives only the year 1918. The article gives the city as Kowno (Kaunas).
The German army opened a new phase of its spring offensive in Flanders, planned as Operation George and scaled down to Operation Georgette. Its aim was to capture Ypres and drive British forces back to the Channel ports.
Delegations of Czechoslovak, Polish, Italian, Yugoslav and Romanian peoples of Austria-Hungary met in Rome. The congress concluded that all nationalities under Austria-Hungary had a right to full independence.
· Bessarabia, Moldavian Democratic Republic · Europe
Bessarabia's parliament votes for union with Romania
Politics & diplomacy
The Moldavian Democratic Republic's legislature, Sfatul Țării, voted to unite Bessarabia with the Kingdom of Romania, attaching conditions that included an agrarian reform. Romanian troops were in control of the region at the time.
Notes
The full article dates the Sfatul Țării vote to 9 April 1918 New Style, with 27 March as the Old Style date. Wikidata gives 27 March, the Old Style number. Romania used the Julian calendar until 1919.
German troops and Finnish Whites attacked the Red-held capital on 12 April 1918 in the Finnish Civil War, with the Reds fighting from building to building, and the fighting ended the next day. Afterwards roughly four to six thousand Red Guards or sympathisers were arrested.
Notes
Infobox and lead date the battle 12-13 April 1918; Wikidata gives 13 April, the day the fighting ended.
German and Ukrainian forces carry out the Crimea Operation
War & conflict
Imperial German and Ukrainian forces launched an offensive in Crimea against the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic, which ended with that republic's dissolution.
The German fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen, known as the Red Baron, died when his aircraft came down over France close to Vaux-sur-Somme. He is regarded as the leading ace of the First World War.
Denmark votes in a Folketing election where women can vote
Politics & diplomacy
Danish voters elected the Folketing on 22 April 1918, and women could vote for the first time. Venstre won the most seats, 45 of 140, after the Folketing was enlarged from 114 seats.
On 23 April 1918 the Royal Navy tried to seal the Belgian port serving Bruges by sinking obsolete ships at the canal entrance, to trap U-boat flotillas that threatened the Channel. The ships went down in the wrong spot.
Notes
Infobox date 23 April 1918; a concurrent attack on Ostend took place the same day.
The Royal Navy struck German-held Ostend alongside a raid on Zeebrugge. The aim was to bottle up Bruges by sinking old cruisers in the canal mouths. German marines misled the British ships, and the attempt was abandoned at the last stage.
Notes
Wikidata gives 24 April 1918 as the date, with 23 April as the start. Infobox gives 23-24 April.
The four-day fighting east of Amiens was part of the German spring offensive. Two Australian brigades and a British brigade counter-attacked on the night of 24 April, and the Allies retook the town on 25 April.
Notes
Wikidata gives 25 April as the date, with 24 April and 27 April as start and end. Lead and infobox give 24-27 April. The source casts doubt on Frank Mitchell's memoir account of his tank encounter.
Finnish Whites and Finnish Reds fought for the city of Viipuri from 24 to 29 April, and the Whites won. The battle is remembered mainly for what followed, when Whites executed up to 400 Russians and other non-aligned people.
Faroe Islands voters elected their Løgting on 24 April 1918, the first election in which women were allowed to vote. The Union Party narrowly won the most votes, yet the Self-Government Party took 11 of the 20 seats.
Portugal held general elections after Sidónio Pais's coup in December 1917, with three parties that had won over 90% of seats in 1915 boycotting. The National Republican Party won 108 of 155 House seats and 32 of 73 Senate seats.
Pavlo Skoropadskyi becomes hetman of the Ukrainian State
War & conflictMedium confidence
With German backing, farmers and landowners loyal to Pavlo Skoropadskyi overthrew Ukraine's republican government, removing the Central Rada. A churchman anointed Skoropadskyi, who declared the Ukrainian State. Marchers met minimal resistance, partly because the war minister was already under arrest.
Notes
Infobox gives 29-30 April 1918; the lead and body give 29 April. Also called the Hetman Coup.
The Central Rada was a council of soldiers', workers' and peasants' deputies that governed the Ukrainian People's Republic, with the historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky at its head. It had been founded on 17 March 1917 (4 March Old Style).
Notes
Disbanding date of 29 April 1918 is from the infobox. The founding date is given here in Gregorian form; the article's own date template shows 4 March as the Old Style (Julian) equivalent of 17 March 1917, which is also Wikidata's date. Source family: wikimedia.
A Dog's Life is an American silent comedy short that Chaplin wrote, produced and directed, the first of his releases for First National Pictures. Chaplin plays the Tramp, and Edna Purviance a dance hall singer. A dog named Scraps helps them toward a better life.
The German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun died in New York City; he had been held as an enemy alien once the United States went to war with Germany in 1917. He and Guglielmo Marconi were joint winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1909.
Chinese writer Lu Xun publishes a short story in vernacular Chinese, told in diary form by a man who sees cannibalism in his family, village and the Confucian classics.
Notes
Infobox gives pub_date April 1918; the lead says 1918.
Hokkaido University in Sapporo was chartered on 1 April 1918, the same day Tohoku Imperial University handed over its Faculty of Agriculture to it. Its roots lie in Sapporo Agricultural College, set up in 1876.
Notes
Infobox gives 1876 for the agricultural college and 1 April 1918 for the charter.
Turkestan People's University is founded in Tashkent
ScienceMedium confidence
The university, now the National University of Uzbekistan, was officially founded as the Turkestan People's University on 21 April 1918, with five faculties including physics-mathematics and agricultural.
Notes
A decree of 16 March 1918 ordered its organisation. A 2008 anniversary resolution refers to a foundation date in September 1918.
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacy
On 22 April 1918 the Transcaucasian Seim declared the republic independent, after the Brest-Litovsk treaty gave the Ottomans parts of the region. It covered most of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, and the Ottoman Empire recognised it at once.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 26 May 1918 as a date; the source gives 22 April for the proclamation.
Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic is proclaimed
Politics & diplomacy
The republic was officially declared on 30 April 1918, with Tashkent as its capital. Bolsheviks in Tashkent created it after the 1917 revolution, with Lenin's support. Cossacks revolting at Orenburg isolated it from Russia, yet it survived until the Red Army arrived in September 1919.
Notes
Name table in the body dates the first name to 30 April 1918, with the constitution adopted on 15 October 1918.
Second British attack across the Jordan at Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt
War & conflict
Light horse brigades captured Es Salt in fighting east of the Jordan River from 30 April to 4 May 1918, but strong Ottoman counterattacks followed. British Empire forces withdrew to the Jordan Valley.
Notes
Wikidata gives 4 May 1918 as the main date and 30 April 1918 as start; the end date 4 May is stored. Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Finnish volunteers launch the first Petsamo expedition
War & conflictMedium confidence
Two doctors, Thorsten Renvall and Onni Laitinen, led civilian volunteers in 1918 to take Petsamo from Bolshevist Russia. They met British Royal Marines and a Royal Navy cruiser, and the invasion was repelled.
Notes
Lead dates the first expedition to May 1918; infobox gives 4 April - 5 July 1918. Wikidata's end date is 1 April 1920 (the second expedition). Month used.
Romania signs the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers
Politics & diplomacyLow confidence
Isolated after Russia left the war, Romania made peace on 7 May 1918, with Prime Minister Alexandru Marghiloman signing at Cotroceni Palace in Bucharest. King Ferdinand would not put his name to it or proclaim it.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Romania used the Julian calendar before 1919); the infobox date 7 May 1918 is used as given. Wikidata also gives the place as Buftea, where a preliminary treaty was negotiated. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 20 May 1918.
On 9 May 1918 Britain made a second attempt to seal the channels into Ostend, a German U-boat base since 1915. The old cruiser HMS Vindictive was sunk but blocked the channel only in part, and three Victoria Crosses were awarded.
Polish and German soldiers fought near Kaniv in Ukraine on the night of 10 to 11 May. German units surrounded the Polish corps under General Józef Haller and attacked it, and the Germans won.
Vasily Radlov, born Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff in Berlin, died in Petrograd. A linguist, ethnographer and archaeologist, he is often seen as the founder of Turkology.
· Volga, Ural and Siberia regions, Russia · Europe
Czechoslovak Legion revolts against the Bolsheviks
War & conflictMedium confidence
From May 1918 the Legion, with more than 60,000 soldiers in Russia by the end of 1917, fought Bolshevik authorities along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Its victories boosted anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia, probably prolonging the Russian Civil War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-05 (month); the lead says May 1918 and the infobox gives 14 May 1918. Region set to Europe following the candidate, though the revolt spread across Volga, Ural and Siberia.
Czech soldiers in the Austro-Hungarian Army mutinied in the north Bohemian town of Rumburk when a group led by František Noha refused orders shortly after six in the morning. Firing squads executed the three ringleaders on 29 May 1918.
Béla Bartók's opera Bluebeard's Castle premieres in Budapest
Stage, music & film
Bartók's one-act Symbolist opera, set to a Hungarian libretto by Béla Balázs, premiered at the Hungarian royal opera house under Egisto Tango. It has two singing roles, Bluebeard and his new wife Judith, and runs about an hour.
On 26 May 1918 the National Council of Georgia adopted the act at the National Palace in Tiflis, creating the Democratic Republic of Georgia, independent of the Transcaucasian federation. It is the first Georgian constitutional document.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 26 May 1918. Merged duplicate row 1918-05-26-georgia-declares-independence-as-a-democratic-republic (Georgia declares independence as a democratic republic). Its notes: Capital was Tiflis. Wikidata gives 26 May 1918.
The German attack on the Chemin des Dames Ridge opened with a bombardment on the morning of 27 May 1918, with the code name Blücher-Yorck. The Germans got closer to Paris than at any time since 1914 before the Allies stopped them at the Marne.
Notes
The body dates the surprise attack to 27 May - 4 June 1918, while the infobox gives the battle as 27 May - 6 June 1918.
The Azerbaijani National Council adopted the declaration on 28 May 1918, two days after Georgia broke up the Transcaucasian federation by declaring independence. The republic lasted 23 months before the Soviet invasion in April 1920.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1918-05-28 as the creation date. Merged duplicate row 1918-05-28-azerbaijan-democratic-republic-is-founded-in-tiflis (Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is founded in Tiflis).
The US 1st Division attacked on 28 May 1918, when the 28th Infantry Regiment left its trenches at 06:45 after an hour of shelling. The Americans captured the village and held it against many counterattacks.
On 28 May 1918 General Otto von Lossow for Germany and Foreign Minister Akaki Chkhenkeli for Georgia signed at the Black Sea port of Poti. Georgia accepted German protection and recognition but refused to join the Central Powers militarily.
Once Finland was free of the Russian Empire, the Blue Cross Flag was adopted, a design with roots in the 1800s. Its Nordic cross links it to the shared tradition of the other Nordic countries.
Notes
The infobox gives 28 May 1918, and Finnish Wikipedia says Parliament approved the blue cross flag as the state flag on 28 May 1918, with the Senate confirming the law the next day. Wikidata's 29 May is that confirmation date.
· Skra, northwest of Thessaloniki, Greece · Europe
Greek troops storm Bulgarian lines at Skra-di-Legen
War & conflictLow confidence
Greek soldiers of the National Defense Army Corps attacked at dawn on 30 May 1918 with fixed bayonets, after artillery fire the day before. They wiped out the Bulgarian 49th Regiment and seized fortified positions.
Notes
Infobox and Wikidata give 29-31 May 1918; the lead gives 29-30 May and calls it a two-day battle. Calendar not stated in source. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 11 June 1918.
Georgi Plekhanov, a Russian Marxist theorist and philosopher, died of tuberculosis in Terijoki, Finland. He had returned to Russia in 1917 and opposed the Bolsheviks.
Notes
Death date is after the Russian switch to the Gregorian calendar and is stored as given. The lead shows an Old Style date for his birth (29 November O.S.).
Point Pelee, a peninsula of marsh and woodland reaching into Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario, became a national park on 29 May 1918. Birdwatchers and hunters had pressed for the step.
Armenian forces under Drastamat Kanayan and Movses Silikyan fought an Ottoman advance towards Yerevan near Bash Abaran, countering on 25 May; the Turks fell back on 29 May.
Notes
Infobox gives 23-29 May 1918; the text says the Ottoman attack began on 21 May; Wikidata gives 21-29 May. The start day differs, so month precision is used. Ottoman forces involved: the calendar of these dates is not stated.
Armenian regular units and militia fought an Ottoman army that had invaded Eastern Armenia, and halted its drive into the rest of the country. The stand opened the way to the First Republic of Armenia, and the Ottomans recognised it at Batum on 4 June.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-05-22 as the date; the lead and infobox give 21-29 May 1918. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire party; Russian-era region); a 1918 newspaper citation in the article carries a double date, 5 (23) June 1918.
An independent Armenian state arose in May 1918 after the short-lived Transcaucasian Federation broke apart, with Yerevan as capital. Ottoman invasion at first left it with only a small area around Lake Sevan.
Notes
Lead gives May 1918, 28th de jure and 30th de facto; infobox and Wikidata give 28 May.
Armenia's First Republic adopts "Mer Hayrenik" as its anthem
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The song "Mer Hayrenik" ("Our Fatherland"), with lyrics by Mikayel Nalbandian and music arranged by Parsegh Ganatchian, was adopted as anthem of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918.
Notes
Infobox gives adopted '28 05 1918' (read as 28 May); Wikidata lists it as a publication in 1918. The lyrics date from 1861 and the music from 1918.
From June 1918, under Lenin, Soviet Russia ran a wartime economy. A decree of 28 June nationalised all large-scale industry, and another gave the food commissariat powers to seize grain by force.
Notes
Month precision: the lead says June 1918; a decree of 28 June 1918 is also cited. After 14 Feb 1918 Russia used the Gregorian calendar. Region set to Europe because the governing centre was Moscow; the candidate said Asia.
· Belleau Wood, near the Marne River, France · Europe
Battle of Belleau Wood begins
War & conflict
On 1 June 1918, during the German spring offensive near the Marne, the US 2nd and 3rd Divisions fought alongside French and British forces. Marine Corps lore traces the nickname Devil Dogs to this battle.
Czechoslovak Legion units under Stanislav Čeček defeated Bolshevik troops at Lipyagi railway station in the Volga region. The victory opened a route to the rest of the Czechoslovak troops.
Germany landed a force at the Black Sea port of Poti on 8 June 1918 to steady the pro-German Georgian republic and protect German oil supplies. The last ship carrying German soldiers left Poti on 13 December.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-10. The infobox gives 8 June - October 1918 and the lead says the expedition was sent in late May 1918; the landing at Poti is dated 8 June 1918, and the body has the last ship leaving Poti on 13 December 1918, so the end date is uncertain. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire party).
Anti-Bolshevik Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly forms in Samara
Politics & diplomacy
An anti-Bolshevik government, Komuch, formed in Samara on 8 June 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had taken the city, during the Russian Civil War.
Notes
Wikidata's only full date, 1 January 1918, sits in its dissolution field and looks like a year-only placeholder. Infobox and lead give 8 June 1918 for the formation. Infobox end date 23 September 1918 differs from the text, which says the institutions were dissolved in November 1918.
Death in Milan of the Italian librettist, composer, poet and critic, who wrote the words for Verdi's Otello and Falstaff and composed the opera Mefistofele.
Murder in Perm of the youngest brother of Nicholas II. Named successor when the tsar abdicated, he deferred accepting the throne and was later imprisoned and killed.
Notes
Wikidata also holds 12 June 1918 as an alternative date; the source gives 13 June. Date is after Russia's switch to the Gregorian calendar.
Austria-Hungary threw its whole remaining strength into an all-out frontal attack along the front, hoping to destroy the Italians, and was beaten decisively. The battle is also called the Battle of the Solstice.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-06-23 as the date, with other dates 15 June (start) and 25 June (end); the lead and infobox give 15-23 June 1918.
Denikin's Volunteer Army launched the campaign, also known as the Second Kuban Campaign, on 22 June 1918. They captured Ekaterinodar and Novorossiysk in August and later also took Maykop, Armavir and Stavropol.
Notes
Infobox gives 9 June as the Old Style start with 22 June as the New Style equivalent, running to November 1918; the Gregorian date is used. Wikidata gives November 1918 as the main date, with 22 June and 20 November as start and end. Other dates in the source, such as Stavropol's capture on 15 November, may be Old Style; calendar not stated.
White Russians, the Reds and the Georgian democratic republic contested Sochi on the Black Sea coast between June 1918 and May 1919, with fortunes shifting back and forth. British mediation helped to end it.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-07 (month); the infobox gives 29 June 1918 and the lead gives June 1918. After 14 Feb 1918 Russia used the Gregorian calendar.
· Indianapolis, Indiana, United States · North America
Charles W. Fairbanks dies
Lives
Charles Warren Fairbanks, who had served as Vice President of the United States under Theodore Roosevelt, died in Indianapolis, Indiana. He had earlier been a senator from Indiana.
The path of totality for the eclipse of 8 June 1918 crossed the contiguous United States from coast to coast, which no eclipse did again until August 2017. The artist Howard Russell Butler painted it.
Notes
The lead gives local dates 8-9 June 1918 over the whole path; the table in the body puts greatest eclipse at 22:07 UTC on 8 June.
The 1918 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament is held at Forest Hills
SportMedium confidence
The women's tournament ran from 17 to 22 June and the men's from 26 August to 3 September, held on grass at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City.
Notes
Two separate tournaments: women's 17-22 June, men's 26 August-3 September; the date range spans both.
The influenza pandemic known in India as Bombay Fever begins in Bombay in June 1918. It spread across British India in waves over the following months.
Notes
Wikidata gives the period as 1918 to 1920. Exact June day not stated.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic creates its armed forces
War & conflictMedium confidence
Azerbaijan's armed forces trace their history to the republic, which created them on 26 June 1918 while the new army was busy putting down an Armenian revolt in Karabakh. The original forces were dissolved when Azerbaijan became a Soviet republic in 1920.
Notes
Wikidata gives 9 July 1918 (flagged as Julian, which is 13 days after 26 June) and also 9 October 1991. The source gives 26 June 1918 without naming a calendar; calendar not stated in source.
Ottoman and Azerbaijani forces under Nuri Pasha beat the Soviet 11th Army and Armenian Dashnak troops, though outnumbered six to one. The Armenian-Soviet force was stopped before it reached Ganja.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 27 June - 1 July 1918; Wikidata gives 1 July, the last day of the clashes (the initial battle ended on 30 June). Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, so no conversion applies.
The 21st (Bareilly) Brigade was ordered to seize the 'two sisters' hills, defended by the Ottoman 7th Division, and the Black Watch and the Guides Infantry carried out the successful assault. The Ottomans lost four officers and 101 other soldiers as prisoners.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
The Adubi War, also called the Egba Uprising, was fought in June and July 1918, officially over colonial taxation. Colonial troops had crushed it by 10 July, and it ended Abeokutan independence and brought forced labour to the region.
Notes
The infobox gives 13 June to July 1918 and the article says rebels tore up the railway at Agbesi on 13 June, but the African theatre of World War I article puts that act on 13 July. The lead dates the conflict to June and July 1918 and the chiefs' arrest to 7 June, so the months are stored.
Don Cossacks under Pyotr Krasnov first besieged the Red-held Volga city in July-September 1918. Joseph Stalin took part in its defence, which went on until 1920 and was nicknamed the Red Verdun.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-07 and an end of 1920-01-01. The first siege is dated July-September 1918, but the body says the Don Cossacks launched their first attack in late August 1918.
The Netherlands votes in its first election after electoral reforms
Politics & diplomacy
The vote of 3 July 1918 followed reforms bringing universal male suffrage and pure proportional representation. The three confessional right-wing parties together took 50 seats, and Liberal parties suffered the biggest losses.
On 4 July 1918 Lieutenant General John Monash led Australian and US infantry, supported by tanks, against German positions at Le Hamel. The objectives were taken in 93 minutes, only three more than Monash had estimated.
After killing Germany's ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach on 6 July 1918, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries rebelled against the Bolsheviks, seizing the Cheka headquarters and taking its chief hostage. Latvian Riflemen helped crush the revolt.
Notes
After 14 Feb 1918 Russia used the Gregorian calendar.
Townspeople and members of Boris Savinkov's group rose against the Bolsheviks in Yaroslavl from 6 to 21 July 1918, led by the monarchist Colonel Alexander Perkhurov. Red Army forces put the uprising down. It began too early, as the secret police were already arresting the Union's Moscow branch.
On 15 July 1918 Germany launched its final big attack on the Western Front. It failed when French forces, supported by several hundred Renault FT tanks, counterattacked the German right flank.
Notes
Wikidata gives a start of 1918-05-27 and an end of 1918-08-06; the article's lead and infobox give 15-18 July 1918, which is used.
France and Monaco sign a second treaty over Monaco's status
Politics & diplomacy
Stephen Pichon, the French foreign minister, and a representative of Prince Albert I of Monaco signed a treaty amid a succession crisis in Monaco as the First World War was drawing to a close.
French forces, helped by American and British units, counter-attacked German armies near Soissons in response to the German offensive of 15 July. The aim was to cut the Soissons–Château-Thierry road and railway, the main supply lines into the German-held Marne salient.
Ukraine authorizes its first set of shah stamp issues
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Ukraine's government approved its first run of postage stamp issues, which closely followed the earlier shah money-stamps (shahivky). Anton Sereda designed the 10 and 20 shah values, and Heorhiy Narbut the 30, 40 and 50.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918 only. The article describes stamp issues authorized on this date, not the start of the shah as a unit. On 18 July 1918 Ukraine was the Ukrainian State under Hetman Skoropadsky (29 April - 14 December 1918, per the English article on it); the shah article itself says only 'the independent Ukrainian government' and ties the designs to the Ukrainian People's Republic.
Tondern raid is the first air strike from an aircraft carrier
War & conflict
On 19 July 1918 seven Sopwith Camels flew from HMS Furious against a German airship base used for bombing Britain. They destroyed Zeppelins L 54 and L 60 and a captive balloon.
Notes
Candidate category politics_diplomacy changed to war_conflict. Infobox and lead give 19 July 1918.
Joyce Kilmer, an American poet and editor serving with the 69th Infantry Regiment, dies from a sniper's shot during the Second Battle of the Marne, aged 31.
Two Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway passenger trains collided head-on on a single-track stretch called Dutchman's Curve. At least 101 people died and 171 were injured. Investigators blamed serious errors by one train's crew and by interlocking tower operators.
Notes
Death-toll estimates overlap with those for the Malbone Street wreck in Brooklyn the same year.
Winsor McCay's The Sinking of the Lusitania is released
Stage, music & filmMedium confidence
Cartoonist Winsor McCay's twelve-minute silent animated film re-creating the 1915 sinking of the liner Lusitania came out in the United States as wartime propaganda.
Notes
Infobox gives release 20 July 1918, matching John Canemaker's date for the first showing and the Silent Era entry ('Released 20 July 1918'); the text says copyright was registered on 19 July 1918, which is not the date stored. Earl Theisen (1933) dates the premiere to 15 August 1918, a conflict noted in the infobox; the better-supported 20 July is stored.
· Orleans, Massachusetts, United States · North America
German submarine attacks barges off Orleans, Massachusetts
War & conflict
A German submarine fired on a small convoy of barges towed by a tugboat off Orleans, on Cape Cod. The tug was badly damaged and the barges and a schooner were sunk, but nobody died. Stray shells fell on land, startling people watching from the shore.
US War Department orders the 101st Division organized
War & conflictMedium confidence
The US War Department ordered the 101st Division organized on 23 July 1918. It served in the National Army until 11 December 1918 and was later made an airborne unit.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1918; place not stated for the 1918 order (Kentucky is the current garrison). Date from the infobox and history section.
Turkish and Azerbaijani forces fought the Baku Commune's troops under Stepan Shaumyan for control of Kurdamir. After heavy fighting on 8 July, a regiment sent round to the north made a successful attack, and the Ottoman-Azerbaijani side won.
Notes
The lead gives 5 to 10 July 1918 and the infobox gives 7 to 10 July 1918; Wikidata gives July 1918. The infobox span is stored. Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra and their five children were shot and stabbed to death by Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky. Their physician and three servants were killed too, and the bodies were buried in the Koptyaki forest.
Notes and dating
Date uncertainty: Often given as the night of 16-17 July 1918
Stored as 17 July 1918. The English article's infobox gives 16-17 July and its lead the night of 16 to 17 July; its body has the family at dinner on 16 July and woken around midnight, with the shooting after that, and Russian Wikipedia says the truck arrived at the Ipatiev House at 1:30 am on the night of 16 to 17 July, after which the family were woken. So the killings took place in the early hours of 17 July, the evening before being 16 July. Russia had moved to the Gregorian calendar in February 1918, so no conversion applies. The id still says 16 because the 1918 and Asia page leads point at it; the stored date of 17 July is the one shown.
Alexei, the last heir apparent of Russia and the only son of Nicholas II, was murdered at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg along with his family and four retainers.
Olga Nikolaevna, eldest child of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna, was murdered at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Tatiana Nikolaevna, second child of Nicholas II, was murdered by Bolshevik revolutionaries at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. During the First World War she had trained as a nurse.
Elisabeth of Hesse (Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna) is murdered
Lives
Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, who became Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia, was murdered at Alapayevsk. She was Queen Victoria's granddaughter and a sister of the last empress.
Disturbances over the soaring price of rice began in the fishing town of Uozu and spread through hundreds of places across Japan. Troops and police were deployed, and the Terauchi government later resigned.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1 July - 1 September 1918. The infobox gives 22 July - 21 September 1918; the lead says July to September.
After al-Khurma's emir defected, the Hashemite king sent a detachment to seize the oasis in July 1918. The Saudis and allied Ikhwan defeated the Hashemite forces and captured al-Khurma. British intervention led to a ceasefire lasting to 1924.
Notes
Wikidata gives July 1918 for the start and 4 July 1919 for the end, matching the infobox. The article does not give a day for the first clashes.
German and Ottoman forces attacked British Empire troops holding the Jordan Valley, where Australian Light Horse units defended the heights at Mussallabeh and Abu Tellul. British and Indian troops overwhelmed an Ottoman cavalry brigade before it could attack.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks replaced the Baku Commune in a bloodless coup. The new anti-Soviet administration asked Britain for help against the advancing Ottoman army and fell on 15 September 1918.
Notes
Source family: wikimedia. Wikidata gives only the year (and 1918-01-01 as an end date).
Rolihlahla Mandela is born at Mvezo in Transkei, South Africa. He grew into an anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician, and held the presidency of South Africa between 1994 and 1999.
Hetman Skoropadskyi founds the National Library of the Ukrainian State
Science
Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi founded the library in Kyiv on 2 August 1918. It is now known as the Vernadsky Library and is Ukraine's main academic library and chief scientific information centre.
On 8 August 1918 Allied forces, with Australian and Canadian corps supplying nine of the British Fourth Army's 19 divisions, advanced further than in almost any other attack of the war. Large numbers of Germans surrendered.
Notes
Alternative name: Third Battle of Picardy. English Wikipedia's infobox and Wikidata end the battle on 12 August; French Wikipedia runs it from 8 to 11 August. The start of 8 August agrees everywhere.
The UK Parliament's Education Act 1918, drawn up by H. A. L. Fisher, became law for England and Wales. It set the school leaving age at fourteen and added services such as medical inspection and nursery schools.
Notes
Royal assent date. A separate Education (Scotland) Act 1918 received royal assent on 21 November 1918.
The anti-Bolshevik revolt in the Prikamye region ran from 8 August to 12 November 1918 during the Russian Civil War. The Red Army won, and the rebels fled and joined the White Army.
Notes
Wikidata gives 12 November 1918, which is the end date in the source.
On 9 August 1918 the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio led eleven aircraft on a round trip to Vienna, where they dropped 50,000 leaflets in green, white and red. D'Annunzio wrote the text himself, and it was not translated into German.
Notes
Candidate category of arts_literature changed to war_conflict, since the event was an air raid.
Battle of San Matteo is fought on a high mountain peak
War & conflictMedium confidence
Italian Alpini troops took an Austro-Hungarian fortified position on Punta San Matteo on 13 August, and Austro-Hungarian forces retook it on 3 September. Italian troops took the peak again on 3 November.
Notes
Date range stored is the main fighting, 13 August to 3 September 1918, matching Wikidata. The source says the peak was taken a final time by the Alpini on 3 November 1918, and its infobox lists 13 August - 3 September - 3 November.
A royal decree of 16 August 1918 declared the Ordesa Valley, in the Pyrenees of Huesca, a national park. In 1982 its protected area grew to cover the whole region, and in 1997 it became part of a transborder World Heritage Site.
Notes
Infobox and lead give 1918 only; the day comes from the body.
The Thule Society, a German occultist and nationalist group, took its name from a mythical northern country in Greek legend. Sebottendorff used the name as cover for his Munich lodge when it was formally dedicated. The society sponsored the German Workers' Party.
Notes
Lead says the society was founded shortly after World War I; infobox gives 1918 and Wikidata gives August 1918; the 18 August 1918 date is for the dedication of Sebottendorff's lodge under the Thule name.
Allied armies attacked German forces in the basin of the River Somme from 21 August to 3 September 1918. It was one of the counter-offensives following the German Spring Offensive, and ended in an Allied victory.
Notes
Wikidata gives the end as 2 September; the infobox gives 3 September, which is used here.
The third battle of Albert in the First World War opened the push that led to the Second Battle of the Somme. The British attacks forced the German 2nd Army to fall back on a front some 50 miles wide, and the 18th (Eastern) Division captured the town of Albert.
Notes
Wikidata gives 21-22 August 1918; the lead and frwiki give 21-23 August. The English text says the 18th (Eastern) Division took Albert on 22 August, while frwiki says Albert fell on 23 August.
The Communist Party of Finland, known as the SKP, was a section of the Comintern, set up after the Reds lost the Finnish Civil War. Yrjö Sirola was its first chairman, serving from 1918 to 1920. It was outlawed until 1944 and dissolved in 1992.
On 30 August 1918 Fanny Kaplan, a Socialist Revolutionary according to the official account, shot Lenin at the Michelson Plant, seriously wounding him. The same morning Moisey Uritsky, head of the Petrograd Cheka, was killed.
Notes
Lead and body give 30 August 1918; the body attributes the shooting to Kaplan 'according to the official version'. After 14 Feb 1918 Russia used the Gregorian calendar.
· Mont Saint-Quentin, near Péronne, France · Europe
Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin begins
War & conflictMedium confidence
As part of the Allies' Hundred Days Offensive, the Australian Corps under John Monash crossed the Somme on the night of 31 August. They pierced the German front at Mont Saint-Quentin and Péronne and took and held the height above Péronne.
Notes
Infobox gives 31 August - 3 September 1918; Rawlinson's remark in the lead covers advances of 31 August - 4 September.
A three-day riot in early August 1918 targeted Greek immigrants after a drunk veteran, Claude Cludernay, was ejected from a Greek-owned café. Crowds of 5,000 to 20,000 led by veterans looted and wrecked every visibly Greek business downtown, and the mayor summoned the militia.
Notes
Sources differ between 2-4 August and 1-5 August; the narrower span of 2-4 August is stored.
Stage performer Anna Held, born in Warsaw, died in New York City. She had starred in Broadway musicals from 1896 through 1910 after Florenz Ziegfeld brought her to America.
The sports club from Córdoba, Argentina, began as Instituto Ferrocarril Central Córdoba. Its professional football side plays in Argentina's top division and its basketball team in the top-level Liga Nacional de Básquetbol.
Notes
The English infobox, Wikidata and the Spanish article's text (twice) give 8 August 1918; the French article gives 9 August 1918. The day is kept on the stronger support.
Entente troops, joined by Japan and China, were sent to the Russian Maritime Provinces to back White Russian forces and the Czechoslovak Legion. A Middlesex battalion led by John Ward landed first at Vladivostok on 3 August 1918.
Notes
Infobox: August 1918 - July 1920, with the Japanese withdrawal in October 1922. After 14 Feb 1918 Russia used the Gregorian calendar.
The Armenian National Council set up the predecessor of today's National Assembly in 1918, called the Khorhurd, after the declaration of independence. Avetik Sahakyan was the first speaker of the First Republic's parliament, serving from 1 August 1918.
Czechoslovak flotilla fights the Battle of Lake Baikal
War & conflictMedium confidence
A Czechoslovak flotilla put out from Listvyanka on 15 August 1918 while the Legion under Radola Gajda was contesting the mountain passes around Lake Baikal with the Red Army. The engagement was a Czechoslovak victory.
Notes
Infobox date 16 August 1918; the body has the Czechoslovak fleet sailing out on 15 August 1918.
In August and September 1918 an Ottoman-Azerbaijani force under Nuri Pasha attacked Bolshevik and Armenian defenders of Baku. British, Armenian and White Russian forces under Lionel Dunsterville later took over the defence, and the Central Powers won.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire). Infobox dates 26 August - 14 September 1918.
German and British forces fought at Lioma in Portuguese East Africa on 30-31 August 1918. British forces under George Giffard nearly encircled and destroyed Lettow-Vorbeck's Schutztruppe, but the Germans broke out and retreated.
Notes
Wikidata gives 31 August 1918; lead and infobox give 30-31 August.
Fanny Kaplan, a Socialist-Revolutionary who had fired at Vladimir Lenin on 30 August 1918, was executed by the Cheka in Moscow after refusing to name any accomplices.
Notes
Date falls after the switch to the Gregorian calendar in Russia (14 February 1918).
The Red Army attacked the Czechoslovak Legion and the Komuch People's Army, who had taken Kazan in August 1918. Pēteris Slavens' Fifth Army and a Volga flotilla lay west of the city and Woldemar Azin's group east of it, and the Reds won.
Notes
Infobox, lead and Wikidata give 5-10 September 1918.
American and French troops under General Pershing attacked German positions in the Saint-Mihiel salient on 12 September 1918, in the US Army's first big offensive of the war. Foch then sent the Americans on toward Sedan and Mézières.
George Reid, Australia's fourth prime minister, died in London. He had also been premier of New South Wales and Australian high commissioner in the United Kingdom.
The British Third Army under General Julian Byng attacked German troops in Havrincourt, part of the Hundred Days Offensive, and won. The battle was a relatively small achievement, but it was the first piercing of the Hindenburg Line.
Notes
The body names different British divisions as the captors of Havrincourt (62nd and 56th); no division is named here.
A train from Amersfoort to Amsterdam left the track near the bridge over the Merwedekanaal and fell off the bank, splintering several wooden carriages. Forty-one people were killed and 42 injured.
· Dobro Pole, on the Serbian-Greek border region · Europe
Battle of Dobro Pole opens the Vardar offensive
War & conflictMedium confidence
On 15 September 1918, after a heavy bombardment the day before, Serbian, French and Greek troops attacked Bulgarian-held trenches. The assault badly damaged Bulgarian morale and led to mass desertions.
Notes
Infobox and lead date the battle 15-18 September 1918; French Wikipedia gives 14-15 September, so only the 15 September attack is certain. The battle opened the Allied Vardar Offensive, whose dates follow the Allied (Gregorian) chronology.
· Vardar Macedonia (now North Macedonia and Greece) · Europe
Vardar offensive opens on the Macedonian front
War & conflictLow confidence
On 15 September 1918 Serbian, French and Greek troops attacked Bulgarian trenches at Dobro Pole. The Allies took Skopje by 29 September, and the offensive, with the Radomir Rebellion, pushed Bulgaria into the Armistice of Salonica.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-09-29 as the date, with other dates 14 September (start) and 29 September (end); the lead and infobox give 15-29 September 1918, and the artillery barrage began on 14 September. Calendar not stated in source (Greece/Serbia region). Candidate region of Middle East changed to Europe. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 28 September 1918.
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee created the Order of the Red Banner by decree during the Russian Civil War, making it the first Soviet military decoration. Vasily Blyukher became its first recipient on 28 September 1918.
Notes
Infobox gives 1 August 1924 as the date established, which is the later all-Union version; the lead and body give the 16 September 1918 decree of Soviet Russia (the Soviet Union itself was formed in 1922). Russian Wikipedia likewise gives 16 September 1918 and calls it the first Soviet order. Source family: wikimedia.
British and Greek forces assaulted Bulgarian First Army lines around Lake Doiran on 18 September 1918. The Bulgarians, behind fortifications strengthened for months, repulsed every attack.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Greece/Serbia region). Infobox dates 18-19 September 1918. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 1 October 1918.
Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army struck German forward outposts that screened the Hindenburg Line, in the Hundred Days Offensive. The 12th (Eastern) Division captured the village of Épehy on 18 September, and the result was an Allied victory.
The Ufa State Conference proclaimed the anti-Bolshevik White Army state, also called East Russia, in an act on forming an all-Russian supreme power. Its provisional government moved to Omsk on 9 October as the Red Army drew near.
· Near Montfaucon, northwest of Verdun, France · Europe
Meuse-Argonne offensive begins
War & conflict
The offensive began on 26 September 1918 near Montfaucon and ran until the Armistice, 47 days in all. It was the biggest American operation to that point, with 1.2 million US personnel, and the bloodiest campaign the US Army has fought.
Notes
The campaign ran to 11 November 1918, which is stored as the end date.
On 27 September 1918 the British First Army was to lead the canal crossing on Cambrai's outskirts and cover the Third Army's flank. The battle broke through most of the Hindenburg Line defences here.
Notes
Infobox, lead and Wikidata give 27 September - 1 October 1918.
From late September to October 1918, an informal group of battles in Flanders followed the failed German spring offensive. Growing numbers of American soldiers gave the Allies an edge, and much of the ground west of Passchendaele was recaptured.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-09-28 to 1918-10-02, matching the infobox; the lead says late September to October 1918.
Stravinsky and Ramuz's L'Histoire du soldat is first performed in Lausanne
Stage, music & film
L'Histoire du soldat, or Tale of the Soldier, is an hour-long theatrical work by Igor Stravinsky with a French text by the Swiss writer Charles Ferdinand Ramuz. Ernest Ansermet conducted the first performance at the Théâtre Municipal in Lausanne.
Bulgaria and the Allies sign the Armistice of Salonica
War & conflictMedium confidence
Bulgarian delegates Ivan Lukov, Andrey Lyapchev and Simeon Radev put their names to the armistice on the night of 29 September 1918 at the Allied Army of the Orient's headquarters in Thessaloniki. Rebellious Bulgarian troops had proclaimed a republic at Radomir.
Notes
Signed by Bulgaria, which had used the Gregorian calendar since 1916, and the Allies; the 29 September date matches the other dates in the article. Armistice in force at noon on 30 September 1918.
British, Australian and American forces attacked a heavily defended stretch of the German Hindenburg Line along the St Quentin Canal in France, with a coordinated French attack alongside.
Notes
Infobox gives 29 September - 10 October 1918, matching Wikidata. Pipeline place 'Lens' replaced by the infobox location.
Adrian Boult conducted the first performance of Holst's seven-movement orchestral suite at the Queen's Hall for an invited audience of about 250 people. The first complete public performance came on 15 November 1920.
Allied Army of the Orient liberates Serbia, Albania and Montenegro
War & conflictMedium confidence
In the last weeks of the war, after the Vardar offensive, the Allied Army of the Orient freed three countries from Central Powers occupation. The Austro-Hungarian occupation force left Montenegro on 4 November.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-11 (the end date); the lead and infobox give 29 September - 11 November 1918, the span from the Armistice of Salonica to the armistice with Germany. Serbian Wikipedia gives the same dates.
· South and Eastern Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia · Europe
Bulgarian occupation of Serbia ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
Bulgaria had held the south and east of Serbia, plus Kosovo and what is now North Macedonia, since autumn 1915, with civilians facing internment, forced labour and Bulgarisation. The occupation ended after French and Serbian troops attacked at Dobro Pole on 15 September 1918.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11 (month) and an end of 1918-11-01; the infobox gives 29 September 1918 and the lead says late September 1918. Bulgaria, the occupying power, had used the Gregorian calendar since 1916, and the date is that of its armistice.
The Salonica front was set up in autumn 1915 to help Serbia and stayed stable until the Allied offensive of September 1918, after which Bulgaria capitulated and Serbia was liberated.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Greece/Bulgaria/Serbia in the region). The infobox ends the front on 30 September 1918 and its result is the Armistice of Salonica. The candidate's region of Middle East is changed to Europe. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 13 October 1918.
Ukrainian anarchists led by Nestor Makhno and Fedir Shchus ambushed Austrian and Ukrainian units garrisoned at Dibrivka in southern Ukraine, using machine guns and help from local peasants. They captured ammunition, arms and prisoners.
Puck magazine ends publication with its final issue
Art & literature
After subscriptions fell away, William Randolph Hearst stopped publishing the American humor magazine Puck. Its last edition was distributed on 5 September 1918.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1918. Infobox also gives lastdate 5 September 1918.
The newspapermen Leonel Aguirre and Washington Beltrán Barbat, with Eduardo Rodríguez Larreta, started the Montevideo daily. It is a national Uruguayan newspaper regarded as the country's best-selling.
September Days massacre of Armenians takes place in Baku
War & conflict
After Baku was captured in September 1918, Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and local Azerbaijani allies killed Armenian inhabitants, with estimates of roughly 10,000 to 30,000 dead. Some scholars see it as retaliation for the March Days.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman forces involved); the month is given as September 1918. The count of 10,000-30,000 is an estimate.
China's National Assembly elects Xu Shichang president
Politics & diplomacy
China's National Assembly held its presidential election in Beijing, and Xu Shichang won the vote of the two houses, which the Anfu Club controlled. Feng Guozhang's term was due to end on 10 October 1918. The vice-presidency stayed empty.
· Transcaspian Railway between Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma · Asia
26 Baku Commissars are executed
War & conflict
After the Bolsheviks lost power in Baku in July 1918, 26 of their commissars were shot by a firing squad on the night of 20 September, on the Transcaspian Railway. Turkmen SR soldiers of the Ashkhabad Committee carried it out.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1918. The article gives the night of 20 September 1918; the commissars were arrested three days earlier. Exact stretch of line is given by station names only.
· Plain of Sharon, Ottoman Palestine · Middle East
Battle of Megiddo begins in Ottoman Palestine
War & conflict
British and Indian infantry broke through Ottoman lines near the coast, and the Desert Mounted Corps rode through the gap, almost surrounding two Ottoman armies in the Judean Hills. Arab Revolt forces had first struck at Ottoman lines of communication.
Notes
Battle ran 19-25 September 1918 per article; Wikidata start and end agree. The dates follow the Western reckoning; Ottoman civil dating had matched Gregorian days since March 1917, so no conversion applies. Infobox location is Vilayet of Beirut; the lead names the Plain of Sharon and other sites.
The Battle of Sharon began with a Western Front style bombardment, aided by two destroyers. The 60th Division broke through and captured Tulkarm, headquarters of the Ottoman Eighth Army, and Desert Mounted Corps cavalry crossed the Plain of Sharon behind the Ottomans. It was an Allied victory.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source. Dates 19-25 September in lead and infobox.
With the Battle of Sharon it made up the Battle of Megiddo. British XX Corps attacked the Ottoman Seventh Army's line in front of Nablus half a day after Sharon, and by early 21 September the pressure forced the Seventh and Eighth Armies to break off.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
The British Empire's 60th Division attacked the line nearest the Mediterranean coast under a moving barrage, with fire from ships. It defeated the entrenched Ottoman Eighth Army and captured Tulkarm and its headquarters, clearing the way for the cavalry.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Britain's 54th (East Anglian) Division and a French detachment, including the French Armenian Legion, attacked the Yildirim Army Group at Wadi Ara as part of the Battle of Sharon. The fighting on the far right of the main assault shielded the attackers' flank.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
As cavalry moved forward in the Battle of Sharon, the 13th Cavalry Brigade set out to seize Nazareth, headquarters of the Yildirim Army Group. The garrison withdrew, and the cavalry occupied Nazareth the next day.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Chaytor's Force attacked the Ottoman Fourth Army and other units in the Jordan region, on the right flank of the Battle of Megiddo. It captured an Ottoman division on the main retreat road, seized a Jordan bridge and fords, took Es Salt and then Amman on 25 September.
Notes
Infobox gives 19-25 September 1918 and Wikidata lists 19 September as the start; the lead gives 21-25 September. Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
· Haifa, Ottoman Empire (now Israel) · Middle East
Indian cavalry captures Haifa
War & conflictMedium confidence
On 23 September 1918, Indian cavalry with part of the Desert Mounted Corps attacked Ottoman rearguards and captured the towns of Haifa and Acre, in the Battle of Megiddo. The Mysore and Jodhpur Lancers took part.
Australian light horsemen of the 4th Light Horse Brigade attacked Samakh, on the Sea of Galilee, where Ottoman and German troops were under orders to hold out to the last man. The assault began with a mounted charge and ended two hours later. The victory opened the way to Damascus.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Chaytor's Force first blocked the Nablus to Es Salt road and took the Jordan bridge at Jisr ed Damieh, then captured Es Salt and rode on against Amman. It beat a strongly held Ottoman rearguard that resisted determinedly.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Lancers from the 2nd regiment of the 10th Cavalry Brigade attacked the Ottoman garrison holding Irbid during the pursuit toward Damascus. They charged the rearguard but met a strong counter-attack and were beaten.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Ottoman soldiers slaughtered Arab civilians in the Syrian town of Tafas as a retreating column under Djemal Pasha's high command entered it. The aim was to demoralize the enemy.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; the source gives 27 September 1918 only.
· Jisr Benat Yakub, on the Jordan River · Middle East
Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub
War & conflictMedium confidence
The Australian Mounted Division attacked and captured the German and Ottoman rearguard positions defending the Daughters of Jacob Bridge and nearby fords on the Jordan River. It marked the start of the Desert Mounted Corps' chase toward Damascus.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
The Australian Mounted Division rode north towards Damascus, where German and Ottoman remnants had dug in on high ground at Kaukab. Two regiments, the 4th and the 12th, charged up onto the ridge and took part of the rearguard, and the remainder fled once the 5th Light Horse Brigade got round their flank.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
Part of the 14th Cavalry Brigade was told to charge an Ottoman rearguard north of Kiswe. The charge captured part of the rearguard and split the Fourth Army column in two, in disorder.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
The Kingdom of Bohemia, a crown land of Austria-Hungary, ended when the Empire dissolved after the Central Powers' defeat in the First World War. Bohemia became the core of the new Czechoslovak Republic.
Notes
Infobox ties the end to the break-up of Austria-Hungary with an end date of 31 October and end year 1918; stored as month only.
The Allies came out on top in the contest with the Central Powers. Italian craft sank an Austro-Hungarian dreadnought on 10 June 1918 and a battleship at Pola on the night of 31 October to 1 November.
Notes
Infobox gives the span August 1914 to October 1918; Wikidata gives the end as 1918-10 (month).
Kingdom of Dalmatia ends as an Austro-Hungarian crown land
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament cut Croatia-Slavonia's ties with Austria-Hungary, and Croatia-Slavonia, with Dalmatia and Rijeka, joined the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Italian forces, with Allied consent, occupied Dalmatia on 31 October.
Notes
The English text dates the end of the kingdom only to 1918. The 29 October 1918 decision of the Croatian Parliament concerned Croatia-Slavonia, which with Dalmatia and Rijeka joined the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs; Italy occupied Dalmatia from 31 October. Wikidata gives 29 October.
Lenin writes The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Vladimir Lenin wrote this political pamphlet in October and November 1918 to defend the new Soviet government against criticism from Karl Kautsky. It answered Kautsky's earlier pamphlet The Dictatorship of the Proletariat.
Notes
Source dates the writing to October-November 1918; the date of first publication is not given, so the row is stored as the writing period. Wikidata gives the year 1918 only. Place of writing not stated.
A landslide at Getå, now part of Norrköping municipality, derailed a train on 1 October 1918. The locomotive and ten cars fell down the embankment, the wooden cars caught fire, and at least 42 people died and 41 were injured.
A large Allied fleet led by the Italian navy attacked the Austro-Hungarian-held port of Durazzo in Albania, destroying the shore defences. British and Italian aircraft opened the attack, and Austro-Hungarian forces then evacuated the town.
Prince Max von Baden forms the last imperial government of the German Empire, a day after being named Chancellor by Wilhelm II. It was the first cabinet to include Social Democrats.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 5 October 1918 as a start date; the article gives 4 October.
The French aviation pioneer flew non-stop over the Mediterranean in 1913 and was held prisoner after engine trouble put him down behind German lines in 1915. He was killed in the Ardennes a month before the war ended, one day before turning 30.
Notes
Infobox death date 5 October 1918, place Vouziers, Ardennes.
Hubert Parry, an English composer, teacher and music historian, led the Royal College of Music from 1895 for the rest of his life. His pupils included Vaughan Williams, Holst, Bridge and Ireland. His best-loved pieces include 'Jerusalem' and the hymn tune 'Repton'.
Notes
Wikidata gives the place as Rustington, United Kingdom.
Mikhail Alekseyev, a general in the Imperial Russian Army, was chief of staff of the Stavka to Nicholas II between 1915 and 1917. He had a leading part in setting up the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army and died of heart failure while fighting the Bolsheviks.
Notes
Infobox and Wikidata give 8 October 1918. Russian Wikipedia gives 8 October with 25 September as the Old Style form, and French Wikipedia gives 25 September, so the body's 'September 1918' likely reflects the old calendar still kept in the Volunteer Army's area. The lead places the death in the Volga region while the body says Ekaterinodar.
Parliament elects Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as King of Finland
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Finland's victorious Whites in parliament began making the country a kingdom, and parliament elected Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse to the throne. He never took up the position and never travelled to Finland, and he renounced it in December 1918.
Notes
Infobox gives 18 October 1918 as the start of his title as king-elect and 18 May 1918 as the establishment date of the regency; lead gives 9 October 1918 for the election.
On 14 October 1918, in the Hundred Days Offensive, a British creeping barrage moved faster and farther than in 1917, expecting weak German infantry resistance. King Albert I and Queen Elisabeth entered liberated Bruges on 25 October.
Koloman Moser, an Austrian artist who strongly influenced twentieth-century graphic art, was a leading artist of the Vienna Secession and co-founder of the Wiener Werkstätte. His designs ranged from postage stamps to stained glass, porcelain, jewellery and furniture.
On 19 October 1918 Icelandic voters were asked whether to approve an Act of Union that would make Iceland a separate kingdom under the Danish Crown, sovereign in a personal union with Denmark. Voters approved it, with 92.6% in favour.
This was the concluding stage of the Second Battle of Belgium, also known as the Ypres-Lys Offensive. It was fought from 20 October to 11 November 1918 as part of the Hundred Days Offensive, and the Allies won.
The Italian army attacked Austro-Hungarian troops near Vittorio Veneto, ending the war on the Italian Front and marking the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over 448,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers were taken.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-04 as the date (the battle's last day); the article gives 24 October - 4 November 1918.
Third Battle of Monte Grappa opens Italy's final offensive
War & conflictMedium confidence
On 24 October 1918 Italy attacked over the massif that protected its Piave line, in its last offensive of the war, under General Armando Diaz.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-06 (the second battle); the infobox lists three battles (end of 1917, June 1918, October 1918). This row uses the third battle, whose start date of 24 October 1918 is given in the body. Armando Diaz is named as the Italian commander in the Monte Grappa infobox, and the Battle of Vittorio Veneto article, which covers the same offensive, names him as the Italian commander who replaced Cadorna after Caporetto.
César Ritz, a Swiss hotelier and pioneer of the travel industry, set up hotels including the Paris Hôtel Ritz and the London Ritz and Carlton. He was known as the 'King of Hoteliers, and Hotelier to Kings'. He is buried in Niederwald, Valais, where he was born.
The German Empire's Reichstag holds its last session
Politics & diplomacy
The Reichstag, the German Empire's parliament since 1871, passed reforms in October 1918 making war and peace subject to its approval and the chancellor answerable to it. The revolution then stopped it from sitting, and the Weimar National Assembly replaced it in February 1919.
Notes
Infobox gives disbanded 26 October 1918, the same day the lead names as the last session. Wikidata also gives 26 October 1918.
Count Mihály Károlyi led a revolution in Hungary, with supporters wearing asters as its symbol. A crowd tried to march on Buda Castle on 28 October 1918, and Hungary declared independence as Austria-Hungary dissolved.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-10-31, the last day; the infobox gives 28-31 October 1918.
Between 1918 and 1920 Hungary went through the Aster Revolution, a Soviet republic in March 1919, wars against Romania, Serbia and Czechoslovakia, and a Romanian occupation that reached Budapest in August 1919. It signed the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
Notes
Infobox dates 28 October 1918 - 1 March 1920. The category everyday_life proposed in the candidate is changed to politics_diplomacy.
Beginning with the Kiel sailors' mutiny, workers' and soldiers' councils took over from the old authorities at little cost in lives. The upheaval reached Berlin on 9 November, where a republic was declared, and Wilhelm II escaped to Holland a day later.
Notes
The lead gives 29 October 1918 as the start; the body dates the first refusals at Wilhelmshaven to the night of 29-30 October and the Kiel confrontation to 3 November. Wikidata gives 1918-11-04 and a start of 1918-10-24. The end date 11 August 1919 is the Weimar Constitution, the usual end date in the lead.
Delegates met in Moscow on 29 October 1918 to found the communist youth league, which began as the Russian Young Communist League and became an all-union body in 1922. Members could be up to age 28.
Notes
Infobox founded date 29 October 1918. Candidate category 'sport' changed to politics_diplomacy. After 14 Feb 1918 Russia used the Gregorian calendar.
Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in the southernmost lands of Austria-Hungary declared their own state on 29 October 1918, with Zagreb as its capital and the Slovene Anton Korošec as its first president. It never won international diplomatic recognition.
Notes
Place given is the state's capital; the proclamation was also marked in Congress Square, Ljubljana, the same day. Serbia's prime minister recognised the National Council in Zagreb on 8 November, but the state itself gained no international diplomatic recognition.
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ends as the Sabor proclaims independence
Politics & diplomacy
The Croatian State Sabor declared on 29 October 1918 an independent kingdom, which joined the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. This ended the nominally autonomous Croatia-Slavonia within Austria-Hungary.
Notes
Trialist manifest issued 21 October 1918, ratified by the Hungarian side the next day.
Carniola, a Habsburg crown land whose capital was Laibach (Ljubljana), ceased to exist in 1918, and its territory went to the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
Notes
Day taken from the infobox end date (29 October); the body text gives only 1918.
Ottoman Empire and the Allies sign the Armistice of Mudros
War & conflict
Rauf Orbay and British Admiral Gough-Calthorpe signed aboard a ship in Moudros harbour on Lemnos on 30 October 1918. The Ottomans gave up garrisons outside Anatolia, demobilised their army and opened ports and railways to the Allies.
Notes
Signed on the evening of 30 October 1918 and in force from noon on 31 October (English article infobox and lead). No calendar conversion is needed: the armistice was signed on a British warship, Western sources give it in the Gregorian calendar, and the Ottoman Rumi calendar had itself been realigned to Gregorian day-and-month dates on 1 March 1917 (Rumi calendar article). Turkish Wikipedia also gives 30 Ekim (October) 1918, and the article says talks opened on Sunday 27 October, which was a Sunday in the Gregorian calendar. Earlier note suggesting a possible Old Style date of 12 November 1918 was wrong and has been removed.
The Austrian Expressionist painter, known for raw intensity and frank sexuality, died in Vienna on 31 October 1918 as the Spanish flu pandemic reached the city. Gustav Klimt had been his mentor.
István Tisza, who headed the Hungarian government in 1903-1905 and again from 1913 until 1917, was killed by leftist revolutionaries during the Aster Revolution. He was the most zealous supporter of the Dual Monarchy among Hungarian leaders.
Most of Austria-Hungary's navy is handed over to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
War & conflict
On 31 October 1918, with defeat and collapse looming, Austria-Hungary resolved to give the bulk of its fleet to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, a new state. That step effectively finished the Austro-Hungarian Navy.
As Austria-Hungary broke up, the Banat Republic was declared to keep the multi-ethnic Banat region from being partitioned among rival nationalisms. Otto Roth, a German-speaking Jewish socialist, was its nominal leader. Serbia occupied the region in late November.
Notes
Infobox gives the proclamation as 31 October - 2 November; Wikidata gives 1 November 1918 and a dissolution of 15 November 1918, while the lead gives the end as 20 February 1919.
· Carlton County, Minnesota, United States · North America
Cloquet Fire sweeps northern Minnesota
DisastersMedium confidence
A huge forest fire, set off by railroad sparks in dry weather, ruined much of western Carlton County in October 1918, chiefly around Moose Lake, Cloquet and Kettle River. It killed 453 people, and 52,000 were injured or displaced.
Notes
Infobox gives 12 October 1918; a body sentence says two men spotted the fire near Cloquet on 10 October. Wikidata gives October 1918 only.
Charlie Chaplin's silent comedy about the First World War, with the action placed in France, was released on 20 October 1918. Edna Purviance and Sydney Chaplin co-starred.
Notes
Date from the infobox released field; a review dated 21 October 1918 is quoted in the article.
Botafogo Futebol Clube is founded in Ribeirão Preto
SportMedium confidence
Representatives of the club Ideal proposed merging clubs in the neighbourhood, and the merged club took the name Botafogo Futebol Clube. It is now known as Botafogo-SP.
Notes
Day from the infobox (12 October 1918); the body text gives only the year 1918.
Fortaleza Sporting Club, later Fortaleza Esporte Clube, is founded
Sport
Fortaleza Sporting Club was born in the city of Fortaleza in Ceará, as the first name of what became Fortaleza Esporte Clube, a multi-sport club mainly known for football.
Notes
Source family: wikimedia. Infobox also lists an earlier Fortaleza Football Club founded 23 February 1912.
The Indian spiritual master, revered by both Hindu and Muslim devotees, died on 15 October 1918, the day of Vijayadashami, having warned devotees in August that he would soon leave his body. His resting place is the Samadhi Mandir in Shirdi.
Several Kurdish rebellions broke out inside the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, the first in August 1914. Their main aim was an independent Kurdish state. Before the Mudros armistice, Mahmud Barzanji left Ottoman rule, founding a nearly independent Kurdish state under British oversight.
Notes
Infobox gives August 1914 - October 1918; the body places Barzanji's declaration after the British captured Kirkuk on 25 October 1918 and says his state lasted until June 1919. Calendar not stated in source.
The Desert Mounted Corps under Chauvel and Prince Faisal's Arab army encircled the city, and a brigade entered it at 05:00 on 1 October 1918. German and Turkish troops there surrendered quickly, and nearly 12,000 prisoners were taken before noon.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-09-26 as the start; the infobox gives 26 September - 1 October 1918 for the advance, and the lead puts the capture on 1 October 1918. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire).
After the 3rd Light Horse Brigade rode through Damascus, two squadrons of the 9th Light Horse rode ahead to block the road north. A third squadron charged the retreating column, cutting it in two and making it surrender.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
· Aleppo, Ottoman Empire (now Syria) · Middle East
Battle of Aleppo ends with the city's fall
War & conflict
Forces led by Prince Feisal bypassed a strong rearguard south of the city in darkness and entered Aleppo on 25 October 1918. Hand-to-hand fighting in the streets lasted most of the night.
Notes
Infobox, lead and Wikidata give 25 October 1918. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman territory).
Two cavalry regiments from the 15th Imperial Service brigade rode into a retreating Ottoman column at Haritan, north of Aleppo. Six squadrons of the same brigade then charged an Ottoman rearguard but were counterattacked and driven back.
Notes
Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
British and Ottoman forces fought at Sharqat in the Mesopotamian Campaign. An Anglo-Indian force under Sir Alexander Cobbe had left Baghdad on 23 October, and Assyrian volunteers fought alongside the British. Indian cavalry brigades occupied Mosul peacefully on 1 November.
Notes
Wikidata gives 23 October 1918, the day the British force left Baghdad; lead and infobox give 28-30 October. Ottoman Empire involved; calendar not stated in source.
After the First World War the empire's territories were divided into new states, with League of Nations mandates giving France Syria and Lebanon and Britain Mesopotamia and Palestine. The 1920 Treaty of Sèvres never took effect.
Notes
The lead's date range is 30 October 1918 - 1 November 1922. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire). Candidate category war_conflict changed to politics_diplomacy.
Fighting between the Ottoman Empire and British, Russian and French forces ran from late October 1914 to 30 October 1918, when the Ottomans accepted the Armistice of Mudros. Its four main campaigns included Gallipoli.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire). The infobox start date is 29 October 1914 while the lead gives 30 October 1914; the end date 30 October 1918 is the same in both.
· Sinai, Palestine and Ottoman Syria · Middle East
Sinai and Palestine campaign ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
The campaign closed when the Ottomans accepted the Mudros armistice on 30 October 1918. The Battle of Megiddo in September began a rapid British offensive that destroyed three Ottoman armies and took Damascus and Aleppo.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire). The infobox start is 17 November 1914 while the lead says January 1915; the end date 30 October 1918 is consistent.
Ottoman, British and Russian forces clashed in neutral Persia from December 1914 until the Armistice of Mudros. Over 2 million Persian civilians died, mostly in the famine of 1917-1919.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Persia / Ottoman Empire).
· Armenian Highlands and South Caucasus · Middle East
Caucasus campaign ends with the Armistice of Mudros
War & conflictMedium confidence
A campaign that began with a Russian invasion of Turkish Armenia in November 1914 ended when the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia gained independence.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire); the infobox and lead both give 30 October 1918. Region set to Middle East following the candidate; the campaign ran across the South Caucasus and eastern Anatolia.
Germany had occupied the whole Grand Duchy since 2 August 1914, while Luxembourg kept its own government. General Pershing announced on 18 November 1918 that US troops would arrive as liberators, and the German army finished withdrawing on 22 November.
Notes
The lead ties the end of the occupation to the war's end on 11 November 1918, while the body says the German army completed its withdrawal on 22 November 1918, so the month is used. Wikidata gives 1918-11-11.
German forces, who had landed on the Estonian mainland in February 1918, formally transferred authority over Estonia to the Estonian national government in November 1918.
Notes
Handover dated between 11 and 14 November 1918; the treaty with the Provisional Government was signed 19 November 1918. Wikidata gives 1918 only.
Germany had occupied Belgium since August 1914, dividing it into three zones under military rule and deporting workers to Germany. Rule ended over most of the country with the November 1918 armistice as Belgian soldiers took over.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11 (month) and an end of 1918-11-01.
A brief civil war began against the Ukrainian State government of Pavlo Skoropadskyi, led by Volodymyr Vynnychenko and the Sich Riflemen's commander Symon Petliura. It began with a revolt of the Sich Riflemen in Bila Tserkva, and Skoropadskyi abdicated.
Notes
Infobox gives 14 November - 15 December 1918; the body says the uprising began on 16 November (Wikidata also 16 November). Month stored because the start day differs. End 15 December from infobox.
Duke Bernhard III is forced to abdicate, ending the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Duke Bernhard III of Saxe-Meiningen was compelled to give up his throne amid the German upheaval that followed the war. His brother Ernst declined to succeed him, and the dukedom was abolished in 1918.
Notes
The excerpt dates Ernst's refusal of the succession to 11/12 November 1918; Bernhard III's forced abdication is told in the same sentence without its own date, so only the month is stored. Wikidata gives only 1918.
Montenegro's Podgorica Assembly proclaimed union with the Kingdom of Serbia while the Montenegrin government was still in exile, and King Nikola was deposed in absentia. Within days Serbia itself was merged into the new South Slav monarchy of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Notes
Lead and infobox give 28 November 1918; the body gives 26 November (Wikidata also 26 November). Montenegro was a Julian-calendar state and the source does not say which calendar these dates use; if Old Style, the Gregorian dates would be 13 days later. Month stored.
The German imperial title ends with Wilhelm II's fall
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
'German Emperor' was the formal title of the hereditary ruler of the German Empire, introduced with the constitution of 1 January 1871. It lasted until Wilhelm II's abdication was announced on 9 November 1918, after which the head of state became the Reich president, starting with Friedrich Ebert.
Notes
Infobox gives the title as ended on 28 November 1918 (Wikidata also 28 November); the lead gives the announcement of the abdication on 9 November 1918. Month stored because the days differ.
The office dates from November 1918, and Ignacy Daszyński was its first holder. Early in November he headed a socialist provisional government that proclaimed independence, while a rival committee in Kraków asserted authority over West Galicia.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 6 November 1918 for the formation, but the text supports only early November 1918, so month precision is stored.
· Eastern Galicia (Lviv), West Ukrainian People's Republic · Europe
Polish-Ukrainian War begins in Eastern Galicia
War & conflict
After Austria-Hungary dissolved, Poland's Second Republic and Ukrainian forces began fighting in Eastern Galicia. Ukrainian units led by a group of young officers took control of Lviv on the night of 31 October to 1 November, and by the end of that month Polish forces held the city again.
Notes
Infobox start date 1 November 1918; Wikidata gives an end of 1919-07-17 while the article gives 18 July 1919. The proclamation date of the West Ukrainian republic differs between sources (13 November in English, 1 November in French), so the card does not state it.
Serbia had been split into an Austro-Hungarian zone and a Bulgarian zone from late 1915, and more than 50,000 civilians were sent to internment camps in Austria-Hungary. Allied forces broke the Salonica front in September 1918, and Serbia was liberated by 1 November.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Serbia used the Julian calendar before 1919). Wikidata gives 1918-11 and 1918-11-01 as the end. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 14 November 1918.
Ukrainians rose in Lemberg, today's Lviv, as Austria-Hungary dissolved, after Poland laid claim to the city. It led to the West Ukrainian People's Republic declaring independence and the start of the Polish-Ukrainian War.
Notes
Wikidata gives 31 October to 1 November 1918; the infobox gives 1 November 1918, which is stored.
Italian frogmen sink the Austro-Hungarian flagship Viribus Unitis
War & conflict
Two Italian naval frogmen rode a Mignatta human torpedo into Pula harbour and sank the former flagship and the barracks ship Wien. An estimated 300 to 400 crew died, a day after the fleet had been handed to the South Slav National Council.
Notes
The raid took place overnight on 31 October - 1 November 1918; Wikidata uses 1 November, the date the ship sank.
Ukrainian and Polish militias and regular troops fought over the city of Przemyśl and the nearby crossings of the San river, in what had been Austro-Hungarian Galicia. The fighting lasted until 12 November.
Notes
Fighting ran 2 to 12 November 1918. Wikidata also gives start 2 November and end 12 November, in agreement.
Sailors of the German High Seas Fleet refused orders to sail out for a final battle against the British Grand Fleet, which they saw as a futile death voyage. Mutineers took over Kiel through workers' and soldiers' councils.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-10. The first refusals were at Wilhelmshaven around 29-30 October 1918 (sources differ by a day); the mutiny at Kiel broke out on 3 November 1918 (infobox 3-11 November).
Austria-Hungary and the Allies sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti
War & conflict
Signed at a villa outside Padua, the armistice effectively ended the fighting between Austria-Hungary and the Allies, with Italy acting for them. It took effect 24 hours later and covered Austria only.
After the Vardar Offensive broke the Macedonian front in September 1918, a Franco-Serbian force liberated Serbia, and Serbian troops marched into Belgrade on 1 November. The country had been occupied since October 1915.
Notes
The infobox gives the end as 3 November 1918, which is used; the lead has Serbian forces entering Belgrade on 1 November 1918. Wikidata gives 1918-11-03. Calendar not stated in source (Serbia). If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 16 November 1918.
The party started out in 1918 under the name Communist Party of German-Austria. It tried a poorly organised coup d'état on 12 November 1918, soon after its founding, and the Austrofascist regime banned it in 1933.
Aleksandr Lyapunov, a Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist, is known for developing the stability theory of dynamical systems. His wife had died on 31 October 1918, shortly before his own death.
The English soldier-poet was shot on 4 November 1918 as his unit crossed the Sambre-Oise Canal, aged 25, seven days before the Armistice. Most of his best-known poems, including 'Dulce et Decorum est', appeared after his death.
Notes
The candidate's Wikidata description contains vandalism ('Skateboarder') and was ignored.
All operations stopped when the Villa Giusti armistice took effect on 4 November 1918. Italian forces had taken Trento and Trieste that year, and treaties in 1919 and 1920 let Italy annex them along with South Tyrol and Istria.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-06; the infobox and lead give 4 November 1918, which is used.
The Second Battle of the Sambre, fought on 4 November 1918, was part of the final Allied offensives in Europe in the First World War and ended in an Allied victory. It included two smaller actions: a second battle at Guise and the Battle of Thiérache.
Notes
The excerpt places the battle on the River Sambre in France; the candidate record's Belgian location is not used.
Olga Rozanova, a Russian avant-garde painter working in Suprematism, Neo-Primitivism and Cubo-Futurism, died of diphtheria in Moscow. She made a series of non-objective paintings she called tsv'etopis, and is buried at the Novodevichy Convent.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 8 November 1918. Infobox and lead give 7 November. The lead gives her birth as 22 June and the infobox as 22 July 1886.
Wilhelm Beck, Fritz Walser and Martin Ritter tabled a no-confidence motion in the Landtag against Governor Leopold von Imhof, who agreed to resign under pressure. Beck wanted a head of government who was a native Liechtensteiner.
Notes
Wikidata gives 8 November 1918; the source gives 7 November 1918, which is stored.
Max von Baden announces Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
On 9 November 1918 the Chancellor declared the abdication on his own, without Wilhelm's knowledge or approval. Germany was proclaimed a republic that afternoon, and Wilhelm left for exile in the Netherlands the next day.
Notes
The announcement was made on 9 November 1918; the formal written abdication followed on 28 November 1918. Two dates for the same event.
On 9 November 1918 Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the republic from the Reichstag building. A few hours later Karl Liebknecht declared a Free Socialist Republic outside the Berlin Palace, which had no lasting effect.
Notes
Lead gives 9 November 1918 for both proclamations (the second at about 4 p.m.).
The Polish-French poet, playwright and art critic died in Paris on 9 November 1918 during the Spanish flu pandemic, two years after being wounded in the war. He is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery.
Free State of Prussia is proclaimed, ending the Kingdom
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The kingdom, ruled by the Hohenzollerns and based in Berlin, had existed since 1701 and drove the creation of the German Empire in 1871. Wilhelm II was its last king.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-09. The infobox gives the end as 9 November (year 1918), when the Free State of Prussia was proclaimed, and lists a separate later date of 28 November 1918 for the abdication of Wilhelm II.
A socialist revolution was widely expected after upheaval elsewhere in Europe, and Pieter Jelles Troelstra made the loudest call for one. A demonstration in Amsterdam turned violent on 13 November, and four protesters died.
Notes
Candidate category everyday_life changed to politics_diplomacy. Infobox and lead give 9-16 November 1918; Wikidata gives an end of 14 November.
Grand Duke William Ernest abdicates, ending the monarchy in Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Politics & diplomacy
During the German Revolution, Grand Duke William Ernest gave up the throne of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, which ended the monarchy in that state. A Free State of the same name followed.
Notes
Wikidata gives only 1918. The abdication is dated by the article; the grand duchy is said to have ended in the German Revolution of 1918-19.
During the November Revolution at the end of World War I, revolutionaries toppled the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and the People's State of Hesse took its place.
Notes
Infobox gives 9 November for the end; the final gazette issue is dated 8 November 1918.
A U-boat sank a British battleship off Cape Trafalgar on 9 November 1918, two days before the armistice. The Central Powers' submarine campaign in the Mediterranean had caused heavy shipping losses until convoys let the Allies sharply cut them from 1917.
Notes
Wikidata gives October 1918 for the end of the campaign; the infobox gives 1914 to 9 November 1918 and the body calls October 1918 the end, with the last action on 9 November. The campaign itself began in 1914.
Romania went back to war on 10 November 1918, one day before fighting stopped in the west, as the Central Powers collapsed. King Ferdinand I had refused to promulgate the harsh peace treaty imposed on it, hoping for an Allied victory.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Romania used the Julian calendar before 1919). The infobox gives the third phase as 10-11 November 1918. Wikidata gives 1918-11-10 as the date. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 23 November 1918.
Council of the People's Deputies forms Germany's provisional government
Politics & diplomacy
Delegates of workers' and soldiers' councils met at the Circus Busch in Berlin on 10 November 1918. The council, chaired by Friedrich Ebert, brought in the eight-hour workday and universal suffrage until the Weimar National Assembly replaced it.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1918-01-01 as a creation date; the lead and infobox give 10 November 1918.
On 10 November 1918, a day after the revolution brought him to power, Chancellor Friedrich Ebert agreed with the army's Quartermaster General Wilhelm Groener that the forces would stay loyal to him. In return Ebert promised to crush leftist uprisings quickly.
Agreed in a railway carriage in the Compiègne Forest, the Armistice took effect at 11:00 in the morning, Paris time, on 11 November 1918. Germany had first asked President Wilson for terms based on his Fourteen Points.
Notes
Signed about 5:00 a.m. and in force 11:00 a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918.
Poland regained its independence at the end of World War I as the Second Polish Republic, dated from 11 November 1918. Neighbouring states had partitioned the country at the end of the 18th century.
Notes
Day-level date comes from the infobox. Wikidata also lists 1917-01-14, 1947-07-22 and 1989-12-31 for the country item.
· Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria · Europe
Balkans theatre of World War I ends
War & conflictLow confidence
The theatre opened with three failed Austro-Hungarian attacks on Serbia in 1914. In September 1918 the Vardar Offensive broke the Bulgarian lines and forced Bulgaria to surrender.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania were Julian-calendar states). The infobox gives the end as 11 November 1918. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 24 November 1918.
Spartacus Group becomes the nationwide Spartacus League
Politics & diplomacy
On 11 November 1918, in the revolution, the group founded by Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Clara Zetkin reorganised as a non-party national body aiming at a council republic across Germany. It merged into the Communist Party of Germany on 30 December.
Notes
The reorganisation was on Liebknecht's initiative at the Hotel Excelsior in Berlin on 11 November 1918, according to both the English article's body and German Wikipedia; Wikidata also gives 11 November. The infobox gives the founding as 4 August 1914 (as the International Group) and dissolution as 30 December 1918. Source family: wikimedia.
Victor Adler, an Austrian labour leader trained as a neurologist, founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. He became foreign minister in the new Austrian government from 30 October 1918 and died of heart failure in Vienna on 11 November.
Charles I gave up power on 11 November 1918, two years after taking the throne, as Austria-Hungary fell apart. A 1919 Austrian law described him only as the former bearer of the crown.
Notes
The candidate's category of architecture is changed to politics_diplomacy. Day-level date comes from the infobox.
German-Austria was created for the German-speaking areas of the former empire and aimed at eventual union with Germany. On 13 November 1918 it asked Germany to start negotiations on union.
Notes
The infobox gives the proclamation as '12 November' with year_start 1918 in a separate field. Wikidata gives 1918-11-12. Merged duplicate row 1918-republic-of-german-austria-is-proclaimed (Republic of German-Austria is proclaimed). Its notes: Wikidata gives 1918-11-12 for the country item. The excerpt supports 1918 for the proclamation; its infobox dates the First Republic to 10 September 1919.
Estonia's unified military dates its founding to 12 November 1918. Once the opening stage of Germany's revolution that November had ended the German occupation, Germany's representatives formally passed political and military power to the Estonian government.
Notes
Date comes from the infobox (founded: 12 November 1918). The history text dates the first phase of the German Revolution, which ended the German occupation, to November 1918 and puts the handover of power after it without a day. Source family: wikimedia.
The Imperial Council, the parliament of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary, was permanently dissolved the day after Emperor Charles de facto abdicated. Its House of Lords had held its last meeting on 30 October 1918.
Aribert of Anhalt declares the abdication of the House of Ascania
Politics & diplomacy
Amid the revolution of November in Anhalt, Prince Regent Aribert declared the abdication of the ruling Ascanian house for Duke Joachim Ernst, who was still a minor. Workers and soldiers had demonstrated, and the change happened peacefully.
Notes
Wikidata gives only the year 1918. The house itself continues; the abdication ended its rule of the Duchy.
Károlyi's government disarmed the Hungarian army on 2 November 1918, and the Serbian army crossed the southern border on 5 November. France encouraged Romanian forces to advance on Budapest.
Notes
The English lead gives 13 November 1918 - 3 August 1919, and Hungarian Wikipedia (Hungary used the Gregorian calendar) also has Romanian troops crossing the border on 13 November 1918. Wikidata (15 April - 3 August 1919) and French Wikipedia (15 April - 2 August 1919) treat the war as 1919 only. Wikidata also gives 1918-11 (month) and an end of 1920-03-01.
Hungary and the Allies sign the Armistice of Belgrade
War & conflict
Hungary stopped fighting the Allied and Associated Powers under terms negotiated by General Franchet d'Espèrey and Mihály Károlyi. The demarcation line left large parts of the Hungarian kingdom outside its control, embittering many Hungarians.
Notes
Hungary used the Gregorian calendar, and Hungarian Wikipedia also dates the convention to 13 November 1918. One body sentence gives the armistice as 15 November, while the lead and infobox give 13 November 1918.
Troops of the South Slav National Council took over Međimurje, a mostly Croat region that had belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary. Hungarian troops routed Major Ivan Tomašević's 300 men near Čakovec, but a second push on 24 December met no resistance.
Notes
Infobox gives 13 November - 24 December 1918; the lead says the campaign began in November and ended with capture on 24 December.
The duchy, a Thuringian state under a Wettin family line, ended during the German Revolution in November 1918, when Duke Charles Edward was forced to abdicate. Its northern and southern parts became the Free State of Gotha and the Free State of Coburg.
Notes
The duchy article's infobox gives 18 November 1918 as the end date. The English article on Duke Charles Edward says his reign ended on 14 November 1918, when he declared his rule over without formally abdicating. German Wikipedia says the Gotha workers' and soldiers' council declared him deposed on 9 November, he declared his resignation on 13 November, and it was announced on 14 November, which split the duchy into the two free states. The better-supported 14 November is stored; 18 November is the infobox value. Source family: wikimedia.
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ends in the German Revolution
Politics & diplomacy
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a state of the German Empire since 1871, came to an end in the German Revolution of 1918. The Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin succeeded it.
Notes
Infobox end date 14 November with year_end 1918; the History section says Frederick Francis IV was forced to give up the throne on 14 November during the German Revolution. Wikidata gives only 1918.
Grand Duchy of Baden ends as the Free People's Republic of Baden is formed
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
After a soldiers' council formed in Lahr and Offenburg on 8 November, a republic, the Free People's Republic of Baden, replaced the grand duchy on 14 November, and the state joined the Weimar Republic.
Notes
Source family: wikimedia. Infobox lists 14 November 1918 as an unlabelled event date; body text gives the republic's formation on 14 November.
Revolutionaries in the Executive Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils dissolved the upper house of Prussia's Landtag on 15 November 1918, during the German Revolution. It had sat since 1850, and the Prussian State Council succeeded it.
The republic was proclaimed in the wake of Austria-Hungary's collapse, replacing the Kingdom of Hungary. No other state recognised it. Mihály Károlyi, its first president, gave a speech after the proclamation, and its first official name was the Hungarian People's Republic.
Notes
Infobox lists several other dates for the run-up (31 October, 13 November).
The Hungarian kingship, held by the Habsburgs for almost 400 years, was abolished on 16 November 1918. Charles IV, the last monarch, had reigned since 21 November 1916.
Notes
Day taken from the infobox abolition field (16 November 1918); the same article's infobox caption ends Charles IV's reign on 13 November 1918. The First Hungarian Republic article has that republic existing from 16 November 1918.
Socialist Workers' Party of Greece is founded in Piraeus
Politics & diplomacyLow confidence
The party that became the Communist Party of Greece held its founding congress in a building in Piraeus. It took its later name in November 1924 and was banned in 1936, regaining legal status in 1974.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1918-11-17 and flags it as Julian. Calendar not stated in source. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 30 November 1918.
On 18 November 1918 an independent Latvian republic was set up, after the Russian Revolution left a power vacuum. The land had known Teutonic, Swedish, Polish-Lithuanian and Russian rule.
Notes
Infobox: declared 18 November 1918; recognised 26 January 1921.
After Germany's defeat, Soviet Russia cancelled the Brest-Litovsk treaty on 13 November 1918, and its new Western Army moved into the gap left by retreating German troops on the night of 17 November. The Red Army entered Minsk on 10 December.
Notes
The infobox gives 18 November 1918 as the start; the body has the Western Army moving out on the night of 17 November. Infobox end: March 1919.
The Swedish painter and illustrator John Bauer drowned at age 36 when the steamer Per Brahe sank on Lake Vättern. His wife Ester and their son Bengt died with him. Divers found the wreck on 22 November 1918, and it was salvaged in August 1922.
The liberal German Democratic Party grew out of the Progressive People's Party together with liberals who had belonged to the National Liberal Party. From 1919 to 1932 it sat in nearly every Weimar government.
Notes
Infobox gives foundation 20 November 1918. The text says a founding appeal signed by 60 people was published in the Berliner Tagblatt on 16 November 1918, a different day. Source family: wikimedia.
The Estonian government formally made the blue, black and white tricolour the national flag on 21 November 1918, and it was first raised on the Pikk Hermann tower in Tallinn on 12 December. Parliament confirmed it by law in 1922.
Polish soldiers and civilians attacked the Jewish population of Lwów over three days during the Polish-Ukrainian War. An estimated 52 to 150 Jewish residents were killed.
Notes
Casualty figures vary: lead estimates 52-150 Jewish dead and 340 victims in total; Morgenthau's 1919 report put Jewish deaths at 64. Now Lviv, Ukraine.
Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act receives royal assent
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The act let women over 21 stand for election to the House of Commons. Lord Robert Cecil introduced it, and Parliament rushed it through so women could contest the December 1918 general election. Nancy Astor became the first woman to take a Commons seat, on 1 December 1919.
Notes
The 21 November 1918 assent date comes from the English infobox only; the body text gives no assent date and the German article gives none. Wikidata also lists 1 January 1918 as a publication date, which differs.
Troops of the new Slovene-led state faced those of the German-Austrian republic in southeastern Carinthia, over where the border between them should run. The 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain and a 1920 plebiscite settled it in Austria's favour.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-23, matching the infobox. Infobox end 31 July 1919.
Lithuanian Ministry of Defence issues its first order
War & conflict
Lithuania restored its independence on 16 February 1918 and then began building an army. The first order issued by its Ministry of Defence, on 23 November 1918, is taken as the start of the modern armed forces.
The party, later called the Hungarian Communist Party, was founded on 24 November 1918, with Béla Kun, a onetime journalist, as its first leader. It held power between March and August 1919 in a brief Hungarian Soviet Republic.
Notes
Body says Kun and associates set up the party's initial workings in Moscow in October 1918; lead and infobox give 24 November 1918 as the founding date.
On 24 November 1918 an improvised assembly of Montenegro's Serbs met in the hall of the Tobacco Monopoly to join Montenegro to Serbia without conditions and depose Nikola I. Pro-independence Greens rose in the failed Christmas Uprising.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source (Serbia and Montenegro used the Julian calendar before 1919). Wikidata also gives an end of 1918-11-29; the body says the assembly met on 24 November 1918 and reconvened on 29 April 1919. If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 7 December 1918.
Great National Assembly in Novi Sad votes to join Serbia
Politics & diplomacy
Representatives of Slavic peoples met in Novi Sad and declared that Banat, Bačka and Baranja were leaving Austria-Hungary and uniting with the Kingdom of Serbia. Delegates included Serbs, Bunjevci, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Germans, Šokci, Croats and one Hungarian.
Notes
The assembly's decisions are dated 'November 12 (25), 1918', so 25 November is the New Style date and 12 November the Old Style one.
The academy holds its first General Assembly in Kyiv and elects Volodymyr Vernadsky as its president. A law establishing it had been signed on 14 November 1918.
Notes
Infobox gives 27 November 1918 as the official date and first General Assembly, and 14 November 1918 as the signing of the law by the Hetman.
The Ukrainian State's 8th Corps set out from Katerynoslav towards Crimea to join Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army. Makhno's insurgents attacked and captured Katerynoslav on 27 December, disguised as a commuter train, but Petliurist forces retook it a few days later.
Notes
Wikidata gives the same span, 27 November 1918 to 2 January 1919.
On 28 November 1918 the Soviet 6th Rifle Division assaulted the border town of Narva, beginning Estonia's defensive war against Soviet Russia. It ended in an Estonian victory and the 1920 Treaty of Tartu.
Notes
Infobox gives the war as 28 November 1918 - 2 February 1920; Wikidata gives an end of 1920-01-03.
Royal Navy's Baltic campaign, Operation Red Trek, begins
War & conflictMedium confidence
Soon after the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Royal Navy moved to halt Bolshevism and back newly independent Estonia and Latvia. It helped both become independent states but did not put Petrograd in White hands.
Notes
Infobox and Wikidata give 28 November 1918 to 4 November 1919; Wikidata also lists a start of 1918-11-17.
The Estonian Provisional Government agreed on 30 November 1918 to create the mark, at first equal to the German ostmark and divided into 100 penns. The first marks reached the public in spring 1919, and the kroon replaced it later.
Moina Michael wears a silk poppy, helping start the remembrance poppy
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
At a conference of YMCA overseas war secretaries in November 1918, Moina Michael wore a silk poppy and handed out more. The poem 'In Flanders Fields' inspired the symbol, and Anna Guérin later set up the first 'Poppy Days'.
Notes
Wikidata gives November 1918; the body gives the conference in November 1918 without a day. The first use is described only as near the end of the war.
· Brooklyn, New York, United States · North America
Malbone Street wreck in Brooklyn
Disasters
A speeding train derailed in a sharply curved tunnel in Flatbush on the BMT Brighton Line at 6:42 pm during the Friday evening rush hour. Reports put the dead at between 93 and 102. Most of Malbone Street was renamed Empire Boulevard in December 1918.
Notes
The reported death toll ranges from 93 to 102 (the lead says at least 93, and a report more than three years later concluded 91). German Wikipedia also says at least 93, rising to 102 with later deaths, and cites one reference giving 85.
Andrew Dickson White, a historian and educator, co-founded Cornell University and was its first president for almost twenty years. He was also a New York state senator and later U.S. ambassador to Germany and Russia. A slight stroke struck him on 26 October 1918.
· Salt Lake City, Utah, United States · North America
Joseph F. Smith dies
Lives
Joseph F. Smith, an American religious leader, became the sixth president of the LDS Church on 17 October 1901 and held the office until his death. His uncle was Joseph Smith, who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, and Heber J. Grant succeeded him as church president.
Frank King's strip first appeared on 24 November 1918, following patriarch Walt Wallet, his family and neighbours. King let his characters age over generations, bringing real-time continuity to comic strips.
Notes
Place not given in the excerpt. Infobox first-appearance date is November 24, 1918.
The republic's first flag, adopted on 21 June 1918, was a white crescent and star on red. A draft of a revised flag with blue, red and green stripes won approval on 9 November and was raised over parliament on 7 December.
Notes
Candidate category everyday_life changed to politics_diplomacy. The infobox and lead give 9 November 1918 as the adoption of the tricolour; the body calls it approval of a draft and says the earlier red flag came first on 21 June 1918.
The Wafd Party, an Egyptian nationalist and liberal party, was founded in November 1918 after taking shape during the First World War. It later became a leading force in Egyptian politics.
Notes
Body text says founded in November 1918; the infobox gives 'foundation: 1919'. Wikidata gives 1918. Source family: wikimedia.
The Committee of Union and Progress, the Young Turk party that had run the Ottoman Empire as a dictatorship since 1913, was dissolved on 5 November 1918, soon after the empire lost World War I.
Notes
Day from the infobox dissolution field (5 November 1918); the full article puts the party's final congress at 1-5 November 1918, where members voted to abolish it. The infobox short description gives 1889-1919 and the lead says the CUP was active until 1926 (successor groups), so the end date depends on what counts as the party. Calendar: Ottoman civil dating had followed Gregorian day numbers since March 1917, so no conversion applies.
French troops entered the Ottoman capital on 12 November 1918 and British troops followed a day later, under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros. An Allied military administration was set up in early December.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-13, the day the British arrived; the English article gives 12 November 1918 for the first French troops and 4 October 1923 for the last Allied departure, while French Wikipedia dates the start to 13 November and the end to 6 October 1923. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire).
British imperial forces fought the Ottomans for Ottoman Iraq, from the landing at Fao to protect the oil fields until the fighting there ended in November 1918. They suffered defeat at the siege of Kut and captured Baghdad in March 1917.
Notes
The body puts the end of the Mesopotamian war at 14 November 1918, about two weeks after the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October; French Wikipedia has the fighting last only until the October armistice, and the English page carries a note about unreliable sources, so confidence is medium. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire).
The war in Africa had been waged against Germany's colonies of Kamerun, Togoland, South West Africa and East Africa. It ended in November 1918, when Lettow-Vorbeck's German force, told of the armistice, gave itself up to the British at Abercorn.
Notes
The infobox gives 25 November 1918 as the end; the same article's text says Lettow-Vorbeck formally surrendered at Abercorn on 23 November, which Wikidata also gives; the English and German articles on Lettow-Vorbeck give 25 November. The month is stored.
· German East Africa and neighbouring territories · Africa
German forces surrender in East Africa
War & conflict
Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck's German colonial forces learned of the armistice at 07:30 on 14 November 1918, waited for confirmation, and surrendered formally on 25 November. German East Africa then became British and Belgian territory.
Notes
The candidate's region of Europe is changed to Africa. Infobox end date is also 25 November 1918, as are the African theatre article's infobox and the Lettow-Vorbeck article (surrender offered at Abercorn). Wikidata's item for the wider African theatre (Q659991) lists 23 November 1918 as its end, unsourced; the theatre article's own 23 November refers to Lettow-Vorbeck's 1917 crossing into Mozambique, not a surrender.
· Atlantic Ocean, North Sea and Mediterranean · At sea
German U-boat campaign against Allied shipping ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
German submarines sank almost 5,000 ships in the campaign, chiefly near Britain and in the Mediterranean, and Germany lost 178 submarines. Convoys and shipbuilding let the Allies keep shipping available.
Notes
The infobox gives 11 November 1918 as the end; the lead says only that the campaign lasted from 1914 to 1918.
Blockade was the main feature of the war at sea, and the Allies' larger fleets largely succeeded in blockading Germany. Big fleet clashes were rare and settled less than expected.
Lithuania fought three wars to defend its independence, against Bolshevik forces, the Bermontians and Poland. The first began in December 1918, a month after Germany lost control of the country by signing the armistice.
Notes
Infobox gives 12 December 1918 for the Lithuanian-Soviet War. Lead dates for the Bermontian and Polish wars differ from Wikidata's description; the end date used is the lead's November 1920 for the Polish war. The Council's February 1918 declaration is dated 16 February 1918 in the article.
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes introduces the Yugoslav krone
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
On 12 December 1918 the new state decided to have circulating krone notes stamped, first with rubber stamps and later with adhesive ones. The aim was to separate it financially from other successor states and shield it from inflation.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-12. The infobox gives December 1918 for introduction while the lead says the currency was first issued in 1919; the body dates the stamping decision to 12 December 1918. Calendar not stated in source (Serbia).
White and Red armies fought across the Northern Caucasus from December 1918 until March 1919. The Whites took the whole region, and the Red Army pulled back to Astrakhan and the Volga Delta. A separate Caspian-Caucasian Front was created on 8 December 1918 under Mikhail Svechnikov.
Notes
Wikidata gives December 1918 only; the source gives December 1918 to March 1919.
Transylvania declares union with Romania at Alba Iulia
Politics & diplomacyLow confidence
An assembly of ethnic Romanian delegates at Alba Iulia declared union with Romania on 1 December 1918. Romania marks the date as Great Union Day, a national holiday created after the Romanian Revolution.
Notes
The date of the declaration is blank in the lead excerpt; 1 December is the Great Union Day holiday date given there. Calendar not stated in source (Romania used the Julian calendar before 1919). If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 14 December 1918.
The Allies held German land on the Rhine's west bank plus four bridgeheads across it, to secure France and Belgium and guarantee German reparations. The occupation ended on 30 June 1930.
Notes
The candidate gave the place as France; the article places the occupied area in Germany.
The state later called Yugoslavia was formed by joining the Kingdom of Serbia to a provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Peter I was its first ruler.
Notes
The infobox gives the creation date as '1 December' with the year 1918 in a separate field. Calendar not stated in source (Serbia used the Julian calendar before 1919). If the source's date is Old Style (Julian), the Gregorian date would be 14 December 1918.
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) is founded in Moscow
Science
The aviation pioneer Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky founded the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, known as TsAGI, in Moscow on 1 December 1918. It is Russia's national research centre for aviation and carries his name.
Act of Union creating the Kingdom of Iceland is signed
Politics & diplomacy
The Act of Union with Denmark recognised Iceland as a fully sovereign state sharing a king with Denmark. Iceland asked Denmark to represent it abroad. A national referendum replaced the kingdom with a republic on 17 June 1944.
Notes
The Act of Union was an agreement between Iceland and Denmark dated 1 December 1918; neither the Kingdom of Iceland article nor the Act of Union article names a signing place, so the place is given as the two countries.
The French dramatist, best known for Cyrano de Bergerac of 1897, died in Paris on 2 December 1918 of the flu pandemic. His 1894 Les Romanesques was later adapted into the musical The Fantasticks.
German expressionist artists and architects formed the November Group at a founding meeting in Berlin. Max Pechstein and César Klein led it, and its name recalled the month of the German Revolution.
Soviet Russia invaded the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia, whose People's Council had declared independence on 18 November 1918. The war formally ended with the Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.
Notes
The lead gives 5 December 1918 as the start; the infobox gives 1 December 1918. Wikidata gives 1918-12-05.
· Zagreb, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes · Europe
Soldiers clash with National Guards on Ban Jelačić Square in Zagreb
War & conflict
Four days after the South Slav kingdom under King Peter I was proclaimed, soldiers from two regiments marched on Zagreb's main square shouting against the king and for republicanism. After brief talks, shooting began, and eighteen people died, most of them soldiers.
Notes
Reasons for the protest are described as not well documented in the source.
After the Finnish Civil War, most of the Finnish Party and a minority of the Young Finnish Party merged to form it. Both groups wanted Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as king.
The Fatherland Party was a short-lived far-right party founded on 2 September 1917 by four men including Alfred von Tirpitz and Wolfgang Kapp. Its stated purpose was a victorious end to the war and a 'German peace'. Its Reich Committee decided to dissolve it on 10 December 1918.
The Slovene writer of plays, essays and poems, seen as a founder of modernism in Slovene literature, died in Ljubljana of pneumonia, a complication of Spanish flu. Many consider him the greatest Slovene writer.
Soviet troops of about 18,000 to 20,000 men reached Lithuanian territory on 12 December 1918 and by the end of January held about two thirds of the country. Lithuanian and German volunteers stopped them in February 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-12 (month); the infobox and body give 12 December 1918. Infobox end date 31 August 1919.
On 14 December 1918 David Lloyd George's coalition won a landslide in the 'coupon election', named for the endorsement letters sent to supporters. Almost every Liberal without a coupon lost, including H. H. Asquith.
Sinn Fein wins in Ireland in the 1918 general election
Politics & diplomacy
Sinn Féin won a landslide on 14 December 1918 and the Irish Parliamentary Party was heavily defeated. Its members refused to go to Westminster and formed Dáil Éireann in Dublin, which declared Irish independence.
Sidónio Pais, a Portuguese politician, army officer and diplomat who was president in 1918, was assassinated and died in a Lisbon hospital. In 1917-1918 he had also been prime minister, war minister and foreign minister.
Notes
Infobox names St. Joseph Hospital, Lisbon, as the place of death.
Gustav Stresemann was founding chairman of the conservative-liberal party, which had a provisional founding on 22 November 1918 and permanent status on 15 December. It sat in nearly every Weimar government from 1920 to 1931.
Notes
Infobox gives 15 December 1918; the body says it was set up on a provisional basis on 22 November 1918, then made permanent on 15 December 1918.
The National Liberal Party, which had been the dominant party in the Reichstag during German unification, was dissolved. Its successor was the German People's Party.
Notes
Date is from the infobox only; the lead says only that the party flourished between 1867 and 1918.
Siamese troops begin occupying Neustadt an der Weinstraße
War & conflictMedium confidence
Siamese soldiers took over Neustadt an der Weinstraße in the Rhineland, in a small enclave surrounded by the French occupation zone. They stayed until mid-1919.
Notes
Infobox gives 15 December (when 200 Siamese soldiers relieved French troops at Geinsheim); text says they occupied Neustadt the following day, officially from 16 December 1918. Wikidata P571 gives 1918-12-16.
Two left-wing parties merged to form the Communist Workers' Party of Poland, later renamed the Communist Party of Poland. It was founded on 16 December 1918 and was small in Polish politics.
Notes
Formed by merging the SDKPiL with the Polish Socialist Party - Left. Name changed in 1925.
Lenin's Bolshevik government backed the proclamation of the short-lived socialist state during the Latvian War of Independence. Pēteris Stučka led its government. Counter-attacking Latvian forces and German Freikorps retook Riga on 22 May 1919.
Notes
The body says a congress in Riga on 1 January 1919 announced the republic's establishment, while the lead and infobox give proclamation on 17 December 1918. The December date is stored.
Allied intervention in southern Russia and Ukraine begins
War & conflictMedium confidence
French-led Allied troops intervened on the Black Sea coast on the side of the Whites, and reinforcements in December 1918 and January 1919 let them hold Kherson, Nikolaev, Sevastopol and Tiraspol. The expedition ended in failure and evacuation.
Notes
Infobox and Wikidata give 18 December 1918 to 30 April 1919. The lead mentions a French landing in December 1917, which does not match these dates, so the infobox start is used.
Progressive Citizens' Party is founded in Liechtenstein
Politics & diplomacy
Middle-class and farming-community citizens set up the Progressive Citizens' Party in Liechtenstein, in reaction to the creation of the Christian-Social People's Party. It is still active today.
Notes
Day comes from the party's infobox foundation field; the text gives 1918.
Revolutionary sailors defeat army troops at the Berlin Palace
War & conflict
The Volksmarinedivision, a revolutionary sailors' unit, clashed with regular German army troops at the Berlin Palace over a government attempt to reduce its size and send it away from the capital. Sixty-seven people died, and the sailors won.
Notes
Also known as the Christmas crisis of 1918, an episode of the German revolution.
Franz Seldte founds the Stahlhelm veterans' league in Magdeburg
Everyday life
Der Stahlhelm was a revanchist ex-servicemen's association founded by the factory owner and disabled reserve officer Franz Seldte. It was meant as a paramilitary body much like the Freikorps, kept Jewish veterans out, and backed restoring the Hohenzollern monarchy.
Poles in the Greater Poland region rose against German rule on 27 December 1918, after a patriotic speech in Poznań by the pianist Ignacy Paderewski. By 15 January 1919 they controlled most of the province.
Notes
Infobox date range 27 December 1918 - 28 June 1919.
The party grew out of a USPD faction led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who had opposed the war, and held its founding congress in Berlin. It joined the Spartacist uprising of January 1919.
Notes
The founding congress lasted from 30 December until 1 January 1919.
National Hockey Association holds its final meeting
SportMedium confidence
The National Hockey Association, founded by Ambrose O'Brien in 1909, was the direct forerunner of the National Hockey League. In 1917 its owners halted its operations to remove one unwelcome owner, Eddie Livingstone, and the others started the NHL as a temporary workaround.
Notes
The English text says the owners' last meeting was called by Livingstone and Quinn for 11 December 1918, after an earlier vote on 20 September 1918 had suspended operations for good. French Wikipedia gives 11 December 1917 for the stoppage.
Puccini's Gianni Schicchi premieres at the Metropolitan Opera
Stage, music & film
Roberto Moranzoni conducted the New York premiere on 14 December 1918, with Giuseppe De Luca in the title role. The comic one-act opera was an immediate hit, unlike the other two of Puccini's triptych.
Notes
Infobox gives 14 December 1918 at the Metropolitan Opera.
Puccini's Il tabarro is first performed in New York
Stage, music & film
Il tabarro, The Cloak, is a one-act opera by Giacomo Puccini with a libretto by Giuseppe Adami, adapted from Didier Gold's play La houppelande. Roberto Moranzoni conducted at the Metropolitan Opera, with Claudia Muzio as Giorgetta.
· Metropolitan Opera, New York, United States · North America
Puccini's Il trittico has its world premiere in New York
Stage, music & film
The Metropolitan Opera staged the world premiere of Giacomo Puccini's Il trittico, three short operas given together, each in a single act. They are Gianni Schicchi, Il tabarro and Suor Angelica. The Rome premiere followed on 11 January 1919.
Notes
Wikidata also lists 1 January 1918 as an inception date, which differs from the 14 December 1918 premiere in the source.
On Tuesday, 3 December 1918, an annular eclipse was visible from Santiago, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. It also crossed a corner of South West Africa and part of southwestern Angola.
Kars congress declares a South-Western Caucasian Republic
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
A congress in Kars declared an independent South-Western Caucasian Republic and chose Cihangirzade Ibrahim Bey as its president. The provisional government lasted until British forces broke it up in April 1919.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source; the region had been Ottoman and Russian, so the date was flagged for checking. The lead also gives 1 December 1918 as the start of its existence. The name Provisional National Government of South-West Caucasia was settled on in March 1919.
France and the Turkish National Forces fought a series of conflicts in Cilicia and southern Anatolia from December 1918 to October 1921. French troops had first landed at Mersin on 17 November 1918, drawn by the Sykes-Picot Agreement and a refugee crisis after the Armenian genocide.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-12 (month). The infobox gives 7 December 1918 (the lead and French Wikipedia say only December 1918), and the first French landing at Mersin was on 17 November 1918, so the day is uncertain. Calendar not stated in source (Ottoman Empire).
· Borchaly (Lori) and Akhalkalaki districts · Middle East
The Armeno-Georgian War is fought
War & conflict
A border dispute over Lori and Akhalkalaki broke into open fighting between newly independent Georgia and Armenia. Armenian forces came within 10 kilometers of Tiflis before Georgian counterattacks; Allied intervention brought a ceasefire.
Notes
Source family: wikimedia. Ceasefire took effect at midnight on 31 December. Wikidata dates agree (7 to 31 December). Region chosen for the Caucasus.
Around 200 ANZAC soldiers attacked the village of Sarafand al-Amar and a Bedouin camp, killing the village's men and burning it down. Troops had grown angry at petty thefts and an alleged murder, and a New Zealand soldier, Leslie Lowry, had been killed the night before.
Notes
Infobox gives 40-137 dead; no figure is used here because estimates vary.
Events we can place in 1918 but not in a particular month.
Europe 38
· France · Europe
Purism art movement begins in France
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) and Amédée Ozenfant launched Purism out of a critique of Cubism. Their short essay "Après le Cubisme" set out its main ideas in 1918.
The dual monarchy, which had lasted from 1867 and was one of Europe's major powers, dissolved soon after Hungary ended the union with Austria in 1918. Charles I was its last monarch.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-11 and also lists 1918-10-28, 1918-10-29 and 1918-11-25. The infobox lists dates of 31 October, 12 November and 16 November 1918 without the event names in the excerpt, so only the year is used.
Saxon monarchy ends and the Free State of Saxony begins
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
King Frederick Augustus III gave up the throne on 13 November 1918 after Germany's defeat. Saxony stayed a state of Germany under the Weimar Republic and became the Free State of Saxony under its 1920 constitution.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-10 and 1990-10-03 for the state item. The excerpt supports 1918 for the end of the monarchy, with the abdication on 13 November 1918, and the constitution of 1 November 1920.
As defeat became certain in 1918, the monarchy began to fracture, and states of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, German-Austria and Hungary were proclaimed in late 1918. Czechoslovakia is also listed among its successors.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-12, which the article does not state; the article says the breakup came in late 1918 and the infobox year_end is 1918.
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria lost the war in 1918, and their alliance dissolved. Bulgaria stopped fighting on 29 September, the Ottomans on 30 October and Germany with its armistice of 11 November.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-11 (day). The excerpt says only that the alliance dissolved in 1918, so the year is used. The members' armistices came on different dates.
The new state capped a long Czech struggle against Austrian rule and a Slovak struggle against Magyarization. In summer 1918 the Allies recognised the Czechoslovak National Council as the supreme organ of a future government.
Notes
Candidate category everyday_life changed to politics_diplomacy. Wikidata gives 1918-10-28, which the article does not state; the article dates the creation only to 1918.
The last major reform of the Russian alphabet took place in 1917-1918. It removed letters such as ѣ, ѳ and ѵ, which had been kept for historical reasons although their sounds had merged with other letters.
Notes
Source family: wikimedia. The reform is dated 1917-1918 in the text; the infobox gives modern orthography as 1918 to present. Wikidata also gives 1942-12-04. Russia: calendar not stated in source.
Georg Simmel, the German sociologist and philosopher, dies of liver cancer in Strasbourg shortly before the end of the First World War.
Notes
Source disagrees on the day: infobox gives 26 September 1918, lead gives 26 October 1918; Wikidata gives 26 September. Stored at year precision. Article names the city as Strasbourg (infobox: Strassburg).
American troops of Pershing's expeditionary force were among the earliest to fight here, as part of the Second Marne fighting. The 3rd Division occupied the main bridge over the Marne on 31 May 1918.
Notes
The excerpt gives several different spans: late May to early June 1918 (infobox and lead), 31 May to 22 July 1918 for German and local actions, and 1 July 1918 for the AEF counter-offensive. Wikidata gives 1918-07-18. Only the year is used.
Austro-Hungarian krone ceases to be official currency
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
The krone had been the currency of Austria-Hungary since 1892, replacing the gulden, and stayed in use until the empire dissolved in 1918. Successor states stamped the old banknotes, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes first in January 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-11. The infobox gives the withdrawal as 1918/1919, and the lead says it lasted until the empire dissolved in 1918.
Yevgeny Kamzolkin designs the hammer and sickle symbol
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Yevgeny Kamzolkin designed a hammer and sickle to decorate the May Day festivities in Moscow's Zamoskvorechye District. The symbol stands for unity between workers and peasants.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-04; the year is what the text states.
A series of uprisings by Ossetians began in what is now South Ossetia, first against the Transcaucasian federation and then against the Democratic Republic of Georgia. A long-delayed land reform, rural unrest and ethnic tensions lay behind them.
Notes
Infobox gives 1918-1920; the start is stored at year precision. Year-level date, so no Julian/Gregorian question arises.
Vladimir Lenin's book explains how he saw the state's place in society, the need for proletarian revolution, and the shortcomings of social democracy in bringing it about. It was published in Russian.
Notes
Lead and infobox release date give 1918 for publication; the infobox short description calls it a 1917 book. Published in the Russian Republic; calendar not stated, stored at year level.
The Allies won the contest with the Central Powers. Luigi Rizzo's MAS-15 torpedoed the battleship Szent István on 10 June 1918, and a human torpedo later sank another battleship.
Notes
Wikidata gives an end date of 1918-11-04, which the article does not state; the infobox gives only 1914-1918, so year precision is used.
Kingdom of Poland puppet state gives way to the Second Polish Republic
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The Kingdom of Poland, a client state of Germany and Austria-Hungary, was transformed into the independent Second Polish Republic in October and November 1918; 11 November is the republic's customary ceremonial founding date.
Notes
Year only. The lead says the transformation took place between 7 October and 22 November 1918; the infobox gives an end date of 11 November (Armistice).
Russian poets such as Sergei Yesenin, Anatoly Marienhof and Vadim Shershenevich form the Imaginist movement in Moscow, wanting to distance themselves from the Futurists.
Notes
Year only; calendar not stated in source (Russia).
Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine forms around Nestor Makhno
War & conflictMedium confidence
During the Russian Civil War, Ukrainian peasants and workers made up most of this anarchist force, informally called the Makhnovtsi after its founder Nestor Makhno. Its headquarters were at Huliaipole.
Notes
Year only. Huliaipole group began moves to retake the town on 22 September 1918; calendar not stated in source.
Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina ends
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Austria-Hungary began administering Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and formally annexed it in 1908, setting off the Bosnian crisis. Governor Stjepan Sarkotić left office on 3 November 1918, and the territory passed to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
Notes
Wikidata gives 29 October 1918; the infobox gives 1 December for the end of the period (secession), and the governor's term list ends on 3 November 1918. Year stored because the days differ.
Reformed Political Party is founded in the Netherlands
Politics & diplomacy
Orthodox Protestants led by the Yerseke pastor Gerrit Hendrik Kersten set up the Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, some having come from the Anti-Revolutionary Party. It first stood in the general election that same year.
The air arm of the Polish armed forces gains official status in 1918 after the end of the First World War. Its first units had already been formed in 1917.
Notes
Infobox: 1917 (de facto), 1918 (de jure). First units formed in 1917, for example the 1st Polish Aviation Squad in Minsk on 19 June 1917.
The Bohemian Crown lands, mainly Bohemia, Moravia, the Silesian duchies and the two Lusatias, had been joined legally by Charles IV in 1348 and passed to the Habsburgs from 1526. After Czechoslovakia declared independence in 1918, the remaining Czech lands joined the new republic.
Notes
Wikidata gives 28 October 1918. The infobox gives the end as 1918 (de jure) and 1620 (de facto).
· Chișinău, Moldavian Democratic Republic · Europe
Moldavian Democratic Republic ends through union with Romania
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The republic had been proclaimed by the Sfatul Țării, the National Council of Bessarabia, on 2 December 1917 Old Style. Its short history ran through autonomy within Russia, independence and then federation with Romania, where it ended in 1918.
Notes
Wikidata gives 9 April 1918 (flagged Julian). The source gives only 1918 for the union with Romania; its other dates appear as Old Style/New Style pairs such as 2/15 December 1917, so a Julian-calendar issue applies to the source's dates.
When Austria-Hungary dissolved, the new rump state of German Austria chose the red, white and red horizontal stripes for its national flag. The pattern is first recorded in 1230.
Notes
1918 is German Austria's adoption of the triband when Austria-Hungary broke up (no day given). The infobox gives 1230 as first recorded use and 1 May 1945 as formal adoption; those are different events.
Monaco succession crisis begins over a possible German heir
Politics & diplomacy
Because Prince Louis, the heir, had no legitimate child, France objected to a German national possibly inheriting the Monegasque throne. The dispute produced a law change on adoption in October 1918 and a treaty with France in July 1918.
Notes
Year only. Source also gives 17 July 1918 (Paris treaty) and 30 October 1918 (adoption law amendment).
The Don Republic was a self-proclaimed anti-Bolshevik state on Don Cossack land, set up against a rival Don Soviet Republic. Pyotr Krasnov served as ataman, with Novocherkassk as capital. It existed from 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War.
Notes
Infobox gives the proclamation as 18 May (year not shown, start year 1918); Wikidata gives 15 September 1918; the body mentions a provisional government in April 1918. Year only is stored. Calendar not stated in source.
Schaumburg-Lippe, a county from 1647 and a principality from 1807, became a free state in 1918 when Germany's monarchies fell. Adolf II, the fourth and last prince, abdicated. Bückeburg was its seat of government.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-15; the excerpt dates the change to 1918 only.
Constitution of the German Empire ceases to operate
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
The constitution that had been the empire's fundamental law since 4 May 1871 stopped working in the November Revolution, when a revolutionary body took over legislative and executive power. The Weimar Constitution replaced it in 1919.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-09 and 1919-08-14. The article says the constitution formally lasted until 14 August 1919 (Weimar Constitution in force) while it lapsed in the 1918 November Revolution, so only the year is used.
The archduchy, long the core of the Habsburg lands, was formally dissolved with the collapse of Austria-Hungary. Lower and Upper Austria became separate states in the Republic of German-Austria.
Notes
Year only. The infobox lists 18 November 1918 beside 'Monarchy abolished'; the text says only 'formally dissolved in 1918'.
Prometheism was a Polish political project started by Józef Piłsudski, aiming to weaken Russia and later the Soviet Union by backing independence movements among non-Russian peoples.
Notes
Year only; the article describes the project as running through 1918-1939. Wikidata gives end 1939.
Kafka's story A Country Doctor first appears in print
Art & literatureMedium confidence
Franz Kafka wrote the story in 1917. It first appeared in an anthology published by Kurt Wolff, and appeared again in early 1920 as the title piece of Kafka's second collection.
Notes
Lead places its first appearance in the 1918 anthology Die Neue Dichtung from Kurt Wolff; infobox gives pub_date 1919. Wikidata gives 1918. Region from the German-language author; no place named.
The Heimosodat were armed conflicts and private expeditions between 1918 and 1922 into former Russian lands inhabited largely by other Finnic peoples. Many volunteers were inspired by the idea of a Greater Finland.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-11-28. The infobox gives 21 March 1918 - 21 March 1922; the lead says only 1918-1922, so the year is used.
John Browning designed the .50-caliber M2 machine gun near the end of World War I, enlarging his earlier .30-caliber design to fire a more powerful cartridge. The first .50-caliber gun underwent trials on 15 October 1918.
Notes
Year from infobox design date; Browning began the redesign around July 1917. Trials of the first .50-caliber gun on 15 October 1918 per the article. Wikidata category (disaster_nature) corrected.
Irving Berlin wrote the patriotic song in 1918, during World War I, as a solemn prayer for the blessing and guidance of the United States. He revised it in 1938.
Notes
Wikidata labels this a publication in 1918; the song was published and released in 1939, so the 1918 date is the year of writing. Revised 1938.
American Engineering Standards Committee is founded
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Several engineering societies and government agencies created the committee in 1918. It was the origin of ANSI, which oversees voluntary consensus standards in the United States.
Notes
Wikidata and the infobox give 19 October 1918, but the text says only that it was most likely formed in 1918 (as does French Wikipedia), so the year is used.
Willa Cather's novel follows an orphaned boy from Virginia and a Bohemian immigrant girl growing up as pioneers in Nebraska. It was enthusiastically received when it came out.
A United States Army training camp, called Camp Knox, was built in Kentucky in 1918. It later became Fort Knox, the army post that sits next to the gold bullion depository.
Notes
Construction work is described as beginning in July 1918. Name changed from Camp Knox to Fort Knox in 1932 per infobox. Source family: wikimedia.
Indiana accepts the Ball brothers' gift of a school in Muncie
Science
The state of Indiana took over a school and land given by the Ball brothers, and 235 students enrolled in the Indiana State Normal School - Eastern Division, later Ball State University.
Notes
Year only; the assembly accepted the gift in spring 1918 and students enrolled on 17 June 1918.
Student reform movement begins at the University of Córdoba
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
In 1918 students at the National University of Córdoba in Argentina demanded modernised, more democratic statutes, starting a reform that spread through Argentina and much of Latin America.
Notes
Year only. The text mentions a strike on 31 March 1918 and a reform decree on 12 October 1918, but the start of the movement is dated only to 1918 (the dispute began in late 1917).
Caipirinha cocktail is said to originate in Sao Paulo
Everyday lifeLow confidence
The Brazilian cocktail of cachaca, sugar, lime and ice is said to have been invented in the interior of Sao Paulo state in 1918.
Notes
The origin is described as unknown; academics agree on 1918 in the interior of Sao Paulo, while other accounts place it around 1918 in Alentejo, Portugal, as a remedy for Spanish flu patients.
The United States Army sent a force to Vladivostok during the Russian Civil War, where it stayed until 1920. President Wilson wanted to help the Czechoslovak Legion and protect supplies sent to the Russian Far East.
Notes
Article says the first 3,000 troops disembarked at Vladivostok between 15 and 21 August 1918; the formation itself is dated only to 1918.
Osmania University begins functioning in Hyderabad
Everyday lifeMedium confidence
Osmania University began operating in 1918 in a building next to the Nizam College at Basheerbagh in Hyderabad. The Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, had ordered its creation by a firman.
Notes
Year-level date. Article gives two dates for the firman: 29 August 1917 (lead) and 26 April 1917 (history section).
An Armenian military corps is set up in early 1918 to fight the Ottomans in the Turkish-Armenian War. Most of that army was disbanded by the Ottomans after the Treaty of Batum, signed on 4 June 1918.
Notes
Infobox gives 28 May 1918 as the founding date, while the history text says the corps was set up in early 1918, so only the year is stored.
· Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic · Asia
Transcaucasian authorities issue paper money in rubles
Economy & trade
The governing commissariat of the brief Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic put out banknotes valued in rubles. These notes were later replaced at par by separate Armenian, Azeri and Georgian currencies.
Notes
Day not given. Wikidata gives 1924 as the currency's end, matching the infobox withdrawal date.
After the Ottoman win at Baku, Ottoman troops took Derbent and Port-Petrovsk in Dagestan, and Russian forces under Lazar Bicherakhov fought them there during 1918.
Notes
Sources disagree on the dates, so only the year is stored. The English main infobox gives 1 August - 20 September 1918 (first phase a Russian White victory, second phase listed as Ottoman); a separate infobox for the Battle of Tarkin Height gives 4-6 November 1918 (Russian victory); the body also describes fighting at Mamedkala on 13 October. Turkish Wikipedia gives 15-20 September 1918. Russian Wikipedia gives May-September 1918 for a passive phase and October-November for the full offensive, and calls the outcome an Ottoman victory over Bicherakhov's force. Wikidata gives May 1918 to November 1918 at month precision, unsourced. The English lead calls the Ottoman side defeated. Calendar not stated in the sources. Source family: wikimedia.
Republic of Aras is declared in the South Caucasus
Politics & diplomacyLow confidence
A short-lived, unrecognized republic was declared by Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski, roughly covering today's Nakhchivan region. It had support from Azerbaijan's ruling Musavat Party and the Ottoman government.
Notes
Lead says declared in December 1918; infobox gives date_start 18 November. Month not settled, so only the year is stored. Ottoman involvement; calendar not stated in source.
Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha is spun off from Mitsubishi & Co.
Economy & trade
Koyata Iwasaki spun the group's international trading business off from the holding company Mitsubishi & Co. in 1918, forming Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha, the forerunner of today's Mitsubishi Corporation.
Notes
Wikidata also gives 1954-07-01, the date of the refounding.
Kamekichi Yamazaki founds the Shokosha Watch Research Institute
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Kamekichi Yamazaki established the Shokosha Watch Research Institute in Japan. This body was the forerunner of the watchmaker later incorporated as Citizen Watch.
Notes
Day not given. Wikidata also gives 1930-05-28, which the infobox lists as the date the company itself was incorporated; 1918 is the predecessor institute.
Ryosuke Namiki founds the company that became Pilot
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
Ryosuke Namiki, working with Masao Wada, set up the Namiki Manufacturing Company in Japan. It later became the pen maker known as the Pilot Corporation.
Notes
Day not given. The infobox lists 4 January 2002 as the founding of the present corporate entity; the 1918 date is for the original Namiki Manufacturing Company.
· Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire · Middle East
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon ends
DisastersMedium confidence
The famine on Mount Lebanon, which ran from 1915 and killed about 200,000 people, mostly Maronite Christians, ended around the close of the First World War and the arrival of French and British forces.
Notes
Source family: wikimedia. Article ties the end to the end of the war in 1918; Wikidata gives end 1918-01-01. Ottoman territory, year precision only.
A Kurdish tribal uprising led by Simko Shikak against the Qajar dynasty of Iran began in 1918 and lasted until 1922. By summer 1918 he held authority over the lands west of Lake Urmia.
Notes
Year only. Lead gives 1918 to 1922; it also says the challenge to central authority came in 1920-1922. Persian/Iranian calendar not an issue for the year. Source family: wikimedia.
Three days after the Ottomans resolved to leave Yemen under the Mudros armistice, Imam Yahya entered Sana'a and declared himself ruler. The kingdom lasted from 1918 to 1970 in the northwest of what is now Yemen, and he then attacked British-run Aden, but was repelled.
Notes
The infobox gives independence on 30 October 1918, the day the Ottomans signed the Mudros armistice; the lead says Imam Yahya entered Sana'a three days after the Ottoman decision to withdraw, and French Wikipedia dates his rule from 1 November 1918, so only the year is used. Calendar not stated in source.
After the First World War, Iraqi nationalists acting for Emir Faisal's Arab government in Damascus occupied the Zor Sanjak in Upper Mesopotamia from 1918 to 1920.
Notes
Calendar not stated in source. Occupation ran 1918-1920; no start day given.
Afrikaner Broederbond is founded as Jong Zuid Afrika
Politics & diplomacyMedium confidence
Four men, among them H. J. Klopper and Rev. Jozua Naudé, founded a secret society open only to Calvinist Afrikaner men to advance the Afrikaner people. It was first called Jong Zuid Afrika and took the name Broederbond in 1920.
Notes
Wikidata gives May 1918; the source gives 1918 only.
South West African mark is replaced by the South African pound
Economy & tradeMedium confidence
The temporary currency used in South West Africa after the German South West African mark was withdrawn in 1916 gave way to the South African pound in 1918. Its notes carried values in marks and pfennigs.
· Atlantic Ocean, North Sea and coast of France · At sea
German submarine war in the Atlantic ends
War & conflictMedium confidence
German submarines first targeted the British Grand Fleet's warships and later merchant shipping on Allied trade routes. The Allies answered with convoys, minefields, aircraft patrols and disguised warships, and Germany gave up its U-boat bases late in 1918.
Notes
Wikidata gives 1918-10-20. The excerpt dates the abandonment of the U-boat bases to late 1918 and gives no day for the end.
The US Navy collier USS Cyclops was lost without trace with 306 crew and passengers, sometime after 4 March 1918. She had left Rio de Janeiro on 16 February and reached Salvador on 20 February.
Notes
Loss dated only as after 4 March 1918, so year precision used. Wikidata gives March 1918.
A global influenza pandemic caused by an H1N1 virus began in 1918 and lasted into 1920. The earliest probable cases were documented in Haskell County, Kansas, though its true origin is uncertain.
Notes
Dates differ within the article: infobox gives February 1918 to April 1920 and an index case in January 1918; lead gives earliest probable cases in March 1918. Wikidata gives January 1918. Stored as year. Geographic origin described as indeterminate. Source family: wikimedia.
This Jewish folk song was written in praise of the Balfour Declaration and of Britain's 1917 defeat of the Ottomans. It then spread quickly through the Jewish diaspora.
Notes
Place of composition not given in the source, so region set to Global.
Harlow Shapley links the Milky Way's centre to Sagittarius
Science
Harlow Shapley stated in 1918 that the globular clusters ringing the Milky Way appeared to centre on the star swarms in Sagittarius. Dark clouds there blocked the view for optical astronomy.
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